The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 62 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Implementation salvage experiences from the Melbourne diabetes prevention study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Many public health interventions based on apparently sound evidence from randomised controlled trials encounter difficulties when being scaled up within health systems. Even under the best of circumstances, implementation is exceedingly difficult. In this paper we will describe the implementation salvage experiences from the Melbourne Diabetes Prevention Study, which is a randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness nested in the state-wide Life! Taking Action on Diabetes program in Victoria, Australia. DISCUSSION: The Melbourne Diabetes Prevention Study sits within an evolving larger scale implementation project, the Life! program. Changes that occurred during the roll-out of that program had a direct impact on the process of conducting this trial. The issues and methods of recovery the study team encountered were conceptualised using an implementation salvage strategies framework. The specific issues the study team came across included continuity of the state funding for Life! program and structural changes to the Life! program which consisted of adjustments to eligibility criteria, referral processes, structure and content, as well as alternative program delivery for different population groups. Staff turnover, recruitment problems, setting and venue concerns, availability of potential participants and participant characteristics were also identified as evaluation roadblocks. Each issue and corresponding salvage strategy is presented. SUMMARY: The experiences of conducting such a novel trial as the preliminary Melbourne Diabetes Prevention Study have been invaluable. The lessons learnt and knowledge gained will inform the future execution of this trial in the coming years. We anticipate that these results will also be beneficial to other researchers conducting similar trials in the public health field. We recommend that researchers openly share their experiences, barriers and challenges when conducting randomised controlled trials and implementation research. We encourage them to describe the factors that may have inhibited or enhanced the desired outcomes so that the academic community can learn and expand the research foundation of implementation salvage.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Even if strategies are meticulously described in a study protocol or trial registry, it is often unrealistic to expect that they will not need to be altered as determinants emerge across implementation phases.
“Even if strategies are meticulously described in a study protocol or trial registry, it is often unrealistic to expect that they will not need to be altered as determinants emerge across implementation phases (13, 93, 94).”
From Enhancing the Impact of Implementation Strategies in Healthcare: A Research Agenda (2019) · cites this paper as [93]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Self-efficacy: The exercise of control
Bandura, A., Freeman, W. H., & Lightsey, R. (1999) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.13.2.158 · Cited by 46,835
(1985) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 19,180
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012512 · Cited by 19,011
Tuomilehto, J., Lindström, J., Eriksson, J. G., Valle, T. T., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Louheranta, A., Rastas, M., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200105033441801 · Cited by 10,873 · cited 2×
“Life! has direct lineage from the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS) [15], the Good Ageing in Lahti region (GOAL) Implementation trial [18] and is the scaled-up version of the GGT DPP [20].”
BackgroundMethodPan, X.-R., Li, G.-W., Hu, Y.-H., Wang, J.-X., Yang, W.-Y., An, Z.-X., Hu, Z.-X., Juan-Lin, Xiao, J.-Z., Cao, H.-B., et al. (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.4.537 · Cited by 4,320
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (2009) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61457-4 · Cited by 3,020
Schwarzer, R. (2008) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.2007.00325.x · Cited by 2,569
Bero, L. A., Grilli, R., Grimshaw, J. M., Harvey, E., Oxman, A. D., & Thomson, M. A. (1998) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.317.7156.465 · Cited by 2,396
Equipoise and the Ethics of Clinical Research
Freedman, B. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198707163170304 · Cited by 2,339
Proctor, E. K., Landsverk, J., Aarons, G., Chambers, D., Glisson, C., & Mittman, B. (2009) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-008-0197-4 · Cited by 1,894
Glasgow, R. E., Lichtenstein, E., & Marcus, A. C. (2003) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.93.8.1261 · Cited by 1,836
Predicting health behaviour : research and practice with social cognition models
Conner, M. T., & Norman, P. (2005) · Cited by 1,248
Schwarzer, R. (2014) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315800820 · Cited by 1,224
Gillies, C. L., Abrams, K. R., Lambert, P. C., Cooper, N. J., Sutton, A. J., Hsu, R. T., & Khunti, K. (2007) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39063.689375.55 · Cited by 1,171
Criteria for evaluating evidence on public health interventions
Rychetnik, L., Frommer, M., Hawe, P., & Shiell, A. (2002) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.56.2.119 · Cited by 1,042
Schwarzer, R. (2014) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315800820-14 · Cited by 889
Social-cognitive predictors of health behavior: Action self-efficacy and coping self-efficacy.
Schwarzer, R., & Renner, B. (2000) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.19.5.487 · Cited by 883
[The Da Qing IGT and Diabetes study].
Ayame, H. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 658
Translating the Diabetes Prevention Program into the Community
Ackermann, R. T., Finch, E. A., Brizendine, E., Zhou, H., & Marrero, D. G. (2008) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.06.035 · Cited by 622
Clinical trials: The challenge of recruitment and retention of participants
Gul, R. B., & Ali, P. A. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2009.03041.x · Cited by 449
Increasing recruitment to randomised trials: a review of randomised controlled trials
Watson, J. M., & Torgerson, D. J. (2006) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-6-34 · Cited by 333
Chen, L., Magliano, D. J., Balkau, B., Colagiuri, S., Zimmet, P., Tonkin, A. M., Mitchell, P., Phillips, P. J. J., & Shaw, J. E. (2010) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03478.x · Cited by 308
Strategies for Increasing Recruitment to Randomised Controlled Trials: Systematic Review
Caldwell, P. H. Y., Hamilton, S., Tan, A., & Craig, J. C. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000368 · Cited by 307
Gillies, C., Lambert, P. C., Abrams, K. R., Sutton, A. J., Cooper, N. J., Hsu, R. T., Davies, M. J., & Khunti, K. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39545.585289.25 · Cited by 292
Chen, L., Magliano, D. J., Balkau, B., Colagiuri, S., Zimmet, P., Tonkin, A. M., Mitchell, P., Phillips, P. J. J., & Shaw, J. E. (2010) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb03507.x · Cited by 288
Type 2 Diabetes Prevention in the Real World
Absetz, P., Oldenburg, B. F., Hankonen, N. E., Valve, R., Heinonen, H., Nissinen, A. M., Fogelholm, M., Talja, M. T., & Uutela, A. K. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc09-0039 · Cited by 279
Laatikainen, T. K., Dunbar, J., Chapman, A., Kilkkinen, A., Vartiainen, E. A., Heistaro, S., Philpot, B., Absetz, P., Bunker, S. J., O'Neil, A. E., et al. (2007) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-7-249 · Cited by 256
Self-citationInternal and External Validity
McDermott, R. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511921452.003 · Cited by 246
Take Action to Prevent Diabetes – The IMAGE Toolkit for the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes in Europe
Lindström, J., Neumann, A., Sheppard, K. E., Gilis‐Januszewska, A., Greaves, C. J., Handke, U., Pajunen, P., Puhl, S., Pölönen, A., Rissanen, A., et al. (2010) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1240975 · Cited by 237
National type 2 diabetes prevention programme in Finland: FIN-D2D
Saaristo, T., Peltonen, M., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. M., Vanhala, M. J., Saltevo, J. T., NISKANEN, L. K., Oksa, H. H., Korpi-Hyövälti, E., & Tuomilehto, J. (2007) · International Journal of Circumpolar Health · doi:10.3402/ijch.v66i2.18239 · Cited by 214
Stolberg, H. O., Norman, G., & Trop, I. (2004) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.183.6.01831539 · Cited by 211
Type 2 Diabetes Prevention in the “Real World”
Absetz, P., Valve, R., Oldenburg, B. F., Heinonen, H., Nissinen, A. M., Fogelholm, M., Ilvesmäki, V., Talja, M. T., & Uutela, A. K. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc07-0171 · Cited by 201
Self-efficacy thought control of action
Schwarzer, R. 1. (1992) · Cited by 182
The SAGE Dictionary of Quantitative Management Research
Moutinho, L., & Hutcheson, G. (2011) · doi:10.4135/9781446251119 · Cited by 174
Schwarz, P. E. H., Lindström, J., Kissimova‐Skarbek, K., Szybiński, Z., Barengo, N. C., Peltonen, M., & Tuomilehto, J. O. (2008) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/s-2007-992115 · Cited by 159
Implementation science: understanding the translation of evidence into practice
Tansella, M., & Thornicroft, G. (2009) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.065565 · Cited by 157
Stetler, C. B., McQueen, L., Demakis, J. G., & Mittman, B. S. (2008) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-3-30 · Cited by 146
Nonpharmacological interventions for the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Schwarz, P. E. H., Greaves, C. J., Lindström, J., Yates, T. E., & Davies, M. J. (2012) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.232 · Cited by 128
(2010) · Cited by 121
Self-citationRandomised controlled trials in primary care: case study
Wilson, S., Delaney, B. C., Roalfe, A. K., Roberts, L. M., Redman, V., Wearn, A. M., & Hobbs, R. F. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7252.24 · Cited by 108
Diabetes Translation Research: Where Are We and Where Do We Want To Be?
Narayan, K. M. V., Benjamin, E. M., Gregg, E. W., Norris, S. L., & Engelgau, M. M. (2004) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-140-11-200406010-00037 · Cited by 93
The use of equipoise in clinical trials
Chard, J., & Lilford, R. J. (1998) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(98)00153-1 · Cited by 81
Page, M. J., French, S. D., McKenzie, J. E., O’Connor, D. A., & Green, S. (2011) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-11-35 · Cited by 72
Simmons, R. K., Unwin, N. C., & Griffin, S. J. (2009) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2009.10.003 · Cited by 62
Moore, S. M., Hardie, E. A., Hackworth, N. J., Critchley, C. R., Kyrios, M., Buzwell, S., & Crafti, N. A. (2010) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870440903548749 · Cited by 54
Diabetes prevention in practice
Schwarz, P. E. H., Reddy, P., Greaves, C. J., Dunbar, J., & Schwarz, J. (2010) · Cited by 53
Self-citationPerceived Self-Efficacy and Phobic Disability
Williams, S. L. (2014) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315800820-10 · Cited by 51
Aby, J. S., Pheley, A. M., & Steinberg, P. (1996) · Annals of Allergy Asthma & Immunology · doi:10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60036-1 · Cited by 36
Thomson, C., Morley, K. C., Teesson, M., Sannibale, C., & Haber, P. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1080/09595230701829561 · Cited by 32
Life! in Australia: translating prevention research into a large-scale intervention
Reddy, P., Rankins, D., Timoshanko, A., & Dunbar, J. (2011) · The British Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1177/1474651411410724 · Cited by 30
Self-citationJanus, E. D., Best, J. D., Davis‐Lameloise, N., Philpot, B., Hernan, A. L., Bennett, C. M., O'Reilly, S. L., Rob, C., Vartiainen, E. A., & Dunbar, J. (2012) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-13-152 · Cited by 28
Self-citationScreening for and prevention of type 2 diabetes
Goyder, E. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39553.480706.80 · Cited by 21
Vedelø, T. W., & Lomborg, K. E. (2010) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2010.00816.x · Cited by 21
Association for Medical Education and Research in Substance Abuse
Samet, J. H., Galanter, M. S., Bridden, C. L., & Lewis, D. C. (2005) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01228.x · Cited by 17
Scaling up Type 2 Diabetes Prevention Programs: National and State Interventions in Australia
Dunbar, J., Colagiuri, S., Reddy, P., Vita, P., Timoshanko, A., Audehm, R. G., & Milat, A. (2010) · Flinders Academic Commons (Flinders University) · Cited by 14
Self-citationVaughan, C. M., Reddy, P., & Dunbar, J. (2010) · Australian Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1584.2010.01126.x · Cited by 10
Self-citationReddy, P., Vaughan, C. M., & Dunbar, J. (2010) · Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) · Cited by 8
Self-citationRiding the Research Roller Coaster
Netta-Turner, D., Bucher, L., Dixon, L. S., & Layton, N. J. (2008) · Journal of Wound Ostomy and Continence Nursing · doi:10.1097/01.won.0000335957.52935.38 · Cited by 4
Berryman, D., Gill, M., Pietsch, J., & Halloran, H. (2009) · Australian Journal of Primary Health · doi:10.1071/py08062 · Cited by 3
What works in diabetes prevention programs: a qualitative evaluation of consumer responses
Walker, C. F., Reddy, P., Hernan, A. L., & Dunbar, J. (2010) · Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) · Cited by 2
Self-citationEffective recruitment in the Melbourne diabetes prevention study
Rankins, D., Hellinger, H., Murphy, B., Reddy, P., & Dunbar, J. (2010) · Deakin Research Online (Deakin University) · Cited by 1
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 62 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Pressman G, Wildavsky A: Implementation: how great expectations in Washington are dashed in Oakland. 1984, Berkley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 3
- Hoagwood K, Chaffin M, Chamberlain P, Bickman L, Mittman B: Implementation salvage strategies: maximizing methodological flexibility in children's mental health research. 4th Annual NIH Conference on the Science of Dissemination and Implementation: Policy and Practice. Edited by: Hoagwood K, Chaffin M, Chamberlain P, Bickman L, Mittman B. 2011, Maryland US, http://obssr.od.nih.gov/scientific_areas/translation/dissemination_and_implementation/DI2011/resources/1C%20Hoagwood%20Session%20Implementation%20Salvage%20Strategies%20NIH%20DI%20Conference%20FINAL%20%5BRead-Only%5D.pdf ,
- International Diabetes Federation 5th Edition, The Global Burden 5th Edition, The Burden. http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas/5e/the-global-burden ,
- Finnish Diabetes Association: Programme for the Prevention and Care of Diabetes in Finland 2003–2010 (DEHKO). 2003, Jyväskylä, Finland: Finnish Diabetes Association
- Puffer S, Torgerson D: Recruitment difficulties in randomised controlled trials. Control Clin Trials. 2003, 24 (3): 214-215.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Enhancing the Impact of Implementation Strategies in Healthcare: A Research Agenda
Powell, B. J., Fernandez, M. E., Williams, N. J., Aarons, G. A., Beidas, R. S., Lewis, C. C., McHugh, S. M., & Weiner, B. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00003 · Cited by 775
Getting a clinical innovation into practice: An introduction to implementation strategies
Kirchner, J. E., Smith, J. L., Powell, B. J., Waltz, T. J., & Proctor, E. K. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.06.042 · Cited by 280
Scaling up public health interventions: engaging partners across multiple levels
Leeman, J., Boisson, A., & Go, V. (2022) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052020-113438 · Cited by 45
A research agenda to advance the study of implementation mechanisms
Lewis, C. C., Frank, H. E., Cruden, G., Kim, B., Stahmer, A. C., Lyon, A. R., Albers, B., Aarons, G. A., Beidas, R. S., Mittman, B. S., et al. (2024) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-024-00633-5 · Cited by 46
Dunbar, J., Hernan, A. L., Janus, E. D., Vartiainen, E. A., Laatikainen, T. K., Versace, V. L., Reynolds, J., Best, J. D., Skinner, T. C., O'Reilly, S. L., et al. (2015) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2015-000131 · Cited by 38
Self-citationRodrigues, A., Haste, A., Penn, L., Bell, R., Summerbell, C., White, M. J., Adamson, A., & Sniehotta, F. F. (2020) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05160-2 · Cited by 34
Diabetes Prevention and Treatment Strategies
Backholer, K., Peeters, A., Herman, W. H., Shaw, J. E., Liew, D., Ademi, Z., & Magliano, D. J. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-2501 · Cited by 34
Gopalan, G., Bunger, A. C., & Powell, B. J. (2019) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-019-00930-5 · Cited by 21
Kirchner, J. E., Waltz, T. J., Powell, B. J., Woodward, E. N., Smith, J. L., & Proctor, E. K. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197660690.003.0006 · Cited by 11
Riise, H. K. R., Igland, J., Sulo, G., Graue, M., Haltbakk, J., Tell, G. S., & Iversen, M. M. (2021) · BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care · doi:10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001928 · Cited by 9
Dineen, T. E., Bean, C. N., Bohlouli, A., Percival, S. L., Vis‐Dunbar, M., & Jung, M. E. (2025) · Implementation Science Communications · doi:10.1186/s43058-025-00757-2 · Cited by 6
Osuagwu, U. L., Sharma, S., Silva, D. C. E., Saunders, J., Pillay, J., Piya, M. K., & Simmons, D. S. (2021) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2021.102257 · Cited by 6
The role of primary health care in primary and secondary prevention of diabetes
Erny-Albrecht, K. M., Bywood, P. T., & Oliver-Baxter, J. (2015) · Flinders Academic Commons (Flinders University) · Cited by 5
Implementation mapping for tobacco cessation in a federally qualified health center
Domlyn, A. M., Crowder, C., Eisenson, H., Pollak, K. I., Davis, J. M., Calhoun, P. S., & Wilson, S. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.908646 · Cited by 3
Rodríguez, L. A., Barquera, S., Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Sepúlveda-Amor, J., Sánchez‐Romero, L. M., Denova‐Gutiérrez, E., Balderas-Arteaga, N., Loaeza, L. M., Handley, M. A., Basu, S., et al. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2020.106067 · Cited by 3
Johnston, C. A., Absetz, P., Mathews, E., Daivadanam, M., Oldenburg, B. F., & Foreyt, J. P. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-93826-4_28
Rodrigues, A. M., Haste, A., Penn, L., Bell, R., Summerbell, C., White, M., Adamson, A. J., & Sniehotta, F. F. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12135246
Rodrigues, A. M., Haste, A., Penn, L., Bell, R., Summerbell, C., White, M., Adamson, A. J., & Sniehotta, F. F. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12135243
Metadata
- Authors
- Dunbar, J., Hernan, A., Janus, E., Davis-Lameloise, N., Asproloupos, D., O’Reilly, S., Timoshanko, A., Stewart, E., Bennett, C. M., Johnson, G., & Carter, R.
- Affiliations
- Deakin University (AU)
- Diabetes Victoria (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Dunbar, James
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2012-09-19
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 806-806
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3577485
- OpenAlex
- W2134216570
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Flinders Academic Commons (Flinders University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Diabetes Australia
- State Government of Victoria
- Diabetes Victoria
- Medical Research Council
- National Health and Medical Research Council (533819)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Social Sciences › Public Administration › Evaluation and Performance Assessment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Keywords
- diabetes prevention, implementation research, employee turnover, participant recruitment
- MeSH terms
- Cost-Benefit Analysis, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Victoria, Program Evaluation, Program Development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
