Geographic variation and effect of area-level poverty rate on colorectal cancer screening
Open accessAbstract
Background: With a secular trend of increasing colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, concerns about disparities in CRC screening also have been rising. It is unclear if CRC screening varies geographically, if area-level poverty rate affects CRC screening, and if individual-level characteristics mediate the area-level effects on CRC screening. Methods: Using 2006 Missouri Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) data, a multilevel study was conducted to examine geographic variation and the effect of area-level poverty rate on CRC screening use among persons age 50 or older. Individuals were nested within ZIP codes (ZIP5 areas), which in turn, were nested within aggregations of ZIP codes (ZIP3 areas). Six groups of individual-level covariates were considered as potential mediators. Results: An estimated 51.8% of Missourians aged 50 or older adhered to CRC screening recommendations. Nearly 15% of the total variation in CRC screening lay between ZIP5 areas. Persons residing in ZIP5 areas with ≥ 10% of poverty rate had lower odds of CRC screening use than those residing in ZIP5 areas with <10% poverty rate (unadjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.69; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.58–0.81; adjusted OR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.67–0.98). Persons who resided in ZIP3 areas with ≥ 20% poverty rate also had lower odds of following CRC screening guidelines than those residing in ZIP3 areas with <20% poverty rate (unadjusted OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.52–0.83; adjusted OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.50–0.83). Obesity, history of depression/anxiety and access to care were associated with CRC screening, but did not mediate the effect of area-level poverty on CRC screening. Conclusion: Large geographic variation of CRC screening exists in Missouri. Area-level poverty rate, independent of individual-level characteristics, is a significant predictor of CRC screening, but it only explains a small portion of the geographic heterogeneity of CRC screening. Individual-level factors we examined do not mediate the effect of the area-level poverty rate on CRC screening. Future studies should identify other area- and individual-level characteristics associated with CRC screening in Missouri.
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Studies have shown that individuals residing in areas with >10% poverty rate have less utilization of preventive colorectal cancer screening.
“Studies have shown that individuals residing in areas with >10% poverty rate have less utilization of preventive colorectal cancer screening.23”
From Randomized, wait-list–controlled pilot study of app-delivered mindfulness for patients reporting chronic pain (2021) · cites this paper as [23]
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- Authors
- Lian, M., Schootman, M., & Yun, S.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Barnes-Jewish Hospital (US)
- Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schootman, Mario
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2008-10-16
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 358-358
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2588456
- OpenAlex
- W2155441572
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center
- National Cancer Institute (R21CA098594, CA 98594, CA9184206)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Colorectal Cancer Screening and Detection
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Global Cancer Incidence and Screening
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- colorectal cancer screening, regional variation, health disparities, screening adherence, obesity, anxiety and depression, health care access, mediation, Missouri
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Female, Geography, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Missouri, Poverty, Colorectal Neoplasms, Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, Healthcare Disparities
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