Risk factors for traumatic and non-traumatic lower limb pain among preadolescents: a population-based study of Finnish schoolchildren
Open accessAbstract
Background: The child's lower limb is the most commonly reported musculoskeletal location with pain and also the most commonly injured site in sports. Some potential risk factors have been studied, but the results are inconsistent. We hypothesized that distinction of traumatic from non-traumatic pain would provide a clearer picture of these factors. The aim of this study is to assess factors associated with lower extremity pain and its impact on preadolescents in a population-based cohort. Methods: A structured pain questionnaire was completed by 1756 schoolchildren of third and fifth grades to assess musculoskeletal pain, psychosomatic symptoms, subjective disabilities, school absence and frequency of exercise. In addition, hypermobility and physical fitness were measured. Results: The knee was the most common site of pain followed by the ankle-foot and thigh. Of the children who reported pain in their lower extremity, approximately 70% reported at least one disability and 19 % reported school absence attributed to their pain during the previous three-month period. Children with traumatic pain had a higher subjective disability index than those with non-traumatic pain (P = 0.02). Age less than 11 years, headache, abdominal pain, depressive feelings, day tiredness, and vigorous exercise were more common in children with lower limb pain than those free of it. In the stratified analysis, younger age was related to both traumatic and non-traumatic pain groups. Vigorous exercise was positively associated with traumatic pain, while subjects with non-traumatic pain had more frequent psychosomatic symptoms. Conclusion: Risk factors and consequences of traumatic and non-traumatic lower limb pain are not similar. Traumatic lower limb pain is associated with practicing vigorous exercise and high level of physical fitness, while non-traumatic pain is more correlated with psychosomatic symptoms. These differences might be one of the reasons for the discrepancy of previous research conclusions. The two conditions need to be treated as different disorders in future studies.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The association between GJH and acute onset intermittent MSK pain has been found in several population studies of adolescents and one study in symptomatic children.
“The association between GJH and acute onset intermittent MSK pain has been found in several population studies of adolescents [19, 20], and one study in symptomatic children [21].”
From Pediatric joint hypermobility: a diagnostic framework and narrative review (2023) · cites this paper as [21]
The Results section (page unavailable) reports no association between hypermobility and either traumatic or non-traumatic lower-limb pain in this population-based study of preadolescents. The Discussion likewise says pain occurrence did not differ between children with and without hypermobility. The paper does not report an association with acute-onset intermittent pain in adolescents. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Articular mobility in an African population.
Beighton, P., Solomon, L., & Soskolne, C. L. (1973) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.32.5.413 · Cited by 1,727 · see citing works
A maximal multistage 20-m shuttle run test to predict $$\dot V$$ O2 max
L�ger, L. A., & Lambert, J. Y. (1982) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/bf00428958 · Cited by 1,231 · see citing works
Goetzel, R. Z., Hawkins, K., Ozminkowski, R. J., & Wang, S. S. (2003) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/00043764-200301000-00007 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Overview of Injuries in the Young Athlete
Adirim, T. A., & Cheng, T. L. (2003) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200333010-00006 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Orchard, J. W., Marsden, J., Lord, S. R., & Garlick, D. (1997) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/036354659702500116 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
Carr, E. (1946) · Cited by 411 · see citing works
Rasmussen, B., Jensen, R., & Olesen, J. (1992) · Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.46.4.443 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Hartig, D. E., & Henderson, J. M. (1999) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/03635465990270021001 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
The health of youth. A cross-national survey.
King, A., Wold, B., Tudor‐Smith, C., & Harel, Y. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Non-specific musculoskeletal pain in preadolescents. Prevalence and 1-year persistence
Mikkelsson, M., Salminen, J. J., & Kautiainen, H. (1997) · Pain · doi:10.1016/s0304-3959(97)00073-0 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Self-citationMechanical factors in the incidence of knee pain in adolescents and young adults
Fairbank, J. C. T., Pynsent, P. B., van Poortvliet, J., & Phillips, H. (1984) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume · doi:10.1302/0301-620x.66b5.6501361 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
El-Metwally, A., Salminen, J. J., Auvinen, A., Kautiainen, H., & Mikkelsson, M. (2004) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2004.03.021 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical Fitness, Age, and Injury Incidence in Infantry Soldiers
Knapik, J. J., Ang, P., Reynolds, K., & Jones, B. H. (1993) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/00043764-199306000-00017 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Joint hypermobility–asset or liability? A study of joint mobility in ballet dancers.
Grahame, R., & Jenkins, J. (1972) · Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1136/ard.31.2.109 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Goetzel, R. Z., Hawkins, K., Ozminkowski, R., & Wang, S. (2003) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/s1098-3015(10)63882-x · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Krivickas, L. S., & Feinberg, J. H. (1996) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/s0003-9993(96)90137-9 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
The adolescent back. A field survey of 370 Finnish schoolchildren.
Salminen, J. J. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationLeisure physical activity and various pain symptoms among adolescents.
Kujala, U. M., TAIMELA, S. P., & Viljanen, T. (1999) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.33.5.325 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Joint hypermobility is not a contributing factor to musculoskeletal pain in pre-adolescents.
Mikkelsson, M., Salminen, J. J., & Kautiainen, H. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationGROWING PAINS: A Clinical Investigation of a School Population
Øster, J., & Nielsen, A. (1972) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1972.tb16108.x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
El-Metwally, A., Salminen, J. J., Auvinen, A., Kautiainen, H., & Mikkelsson, M. (2005) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1758 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychosomatic symptoms among 14?16 year old Finnish adolescents
Aro, H. M., Paronen, O., & Aro, S. (1987) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/bf00583852 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Chronic and Recurrent Pain in Children and Adolescents
Finley, G. A., & McGrath, P. J. (1999) · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Salminen, J. J. (1984) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1984.tb10003.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-reported Bodily Pain in Schoolchildren
Bente Kr. Smedbråten, B. N. (1998) · Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology · doi:10.1080/030097498442334 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Hunfeld, J. A. M., Perquin, C. W., Bertina, W., Hazebroek-Kampschreur, A. A. J. M., van Suijlekom‐Smit, L. W. A., Koes, B. W., van der Wouden, J. C., & Passchier, J. (2002) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/00002508-200203000-00005 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Prevalence of chronic knee pain in children and adolescents in northern Finland
Vähäsarja, V. J. (1995) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.1995.tb13760.x · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Analysis of a pediatric rheumatology clinic population.
Am, R. (1990) · PubMed · Cited by 63 · see citing works
A study of 111 children with recurrent abdominal pain
BURY, R. G. (1987) · Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1754.1987.tb02190.x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
???Growing Pains???: Clinical and Behavioral Correlates in a Community Sample
Oberklaid, F., Amos, D., LIU, C., Jarman, F. C., Sanson, A. V., & Prior, M. R. (1997) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-199704000-00005 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Bodily pain, sleep problems and mental distress in schoolchildren
Bruusgaard, D. (2000) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1080/080352500750027925 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Bodily pain, sleep problems and mental distress in schoolchildren
Bruusgaard, D., Smedbråten, B., & Natvig, B. (2000) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2000.tb00345.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Risk factors for development of lower limb pain in adolescents.
Shrier, I., Feldman, D. E., Rossignol, M., & Abenhaim, L. L. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Lower extremity injuries in youth sports
Anderson, S. J. (2002) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0031-3955(02)00010-x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Psychosomatic Symptoms in Preadolescent Children
Tamminen, T., Bredenberg, P. A., Escartin, T., Kaukonen, P., Puura, K., Rutanen, M., Suominen, I., Leijala, H., & Salmelin, R. K. (2010) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000288533 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Dores recorrentes na infância e adolescência
Puccini, R. F., & Bresolin, A. M. B. (2003) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.1590/s0021-75572003000700008 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Patellofemoral Pain in Children
Yates, C. K., & Grana, W. A. (1990) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/00003086-199006000-00005 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Common orthopedic problems in adolescents
Rocha, E. S. T., & Pedreira, A. C. S. (2001) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.2223/jped.310 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Recurrent pain in children and adolescents
Puccini, R. F., & Bresolin, A. M. B. (2003) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.2223/jped.1001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
[Psychosomatic tension headache in children--a review].
Alfvén, G. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Alfven G Psychological tension headaches among children. A survey Läkartidningen 1986 45 3827 8 (in Swedish) 3784725
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Biology of Bone Tissue: Structure, Function, and Factors That Influence Bone Cells
Florencio-Silva, R., Sasso, G. R. D. S., Sasso-Cerri, E., Simões, M. J., & Cerri, P. S. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/421746 · Cited by 2,044 · see citing works
A Prospective Investigation of Biomechanical Risk Factors for Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome
Boling, M. C., Padua, D. A., Marshall, S. W., Guskiewicz, K. M., Pyne, S. W., & Beutler, A. I. (2009) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/0363546509337934 · Cited by 483 · see citing works
The frequency, trajectories and predictors of adolescent recurrent pain: A population-based approach
Stanford, E. A., Chambers, C. T., Biesanz, J. C., & Chen, E. (2008) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2007.10.032 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Musculoskeletal pain in children and adolescents
Kamper, S. J., Henschke, N., Hestbæk, L., Dunn, K. M., & Williams, C. M. (2016) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0149 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
van der Voort, Gaillard, R., Albert Hofman, D., de Jongste, J. C., & Duijts, L. (2013) · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Madrid, C., & Sanz, M. (2009) · Clinical Oral Implants Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2009.01772.x · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Huguet, A., Tougas, M. E., Hayden, J. A., McGrath, P. J., Stinson, J., & Chambers, C. T. (2016) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000685 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
El‐Metwally, A., Salminen, J. J., Auvinen, A. P., Macfarlane, G. J., & Mikkelsson, M. (2007) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2474-8-46 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationPediatric joint hypermobility: a diagnostic framework and narrative review
Tofts, L. J., Simmonds, J., Schwartz, S. B., Richheimer, R. M., O’Connor, C., Elias, E., Engelbert, R., Cleary, K., Tinkle, B. T., Kline, A. D., et al. (2023) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-023-02717-2 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Paananen, M., AUVINEN, J. P., TAIMELA, S. P., Tammelin, T., KANTOMAA, M. T., Ebeling, H. E., Taanila, A. M., Zitting, P., & Karppinen, J. I. (2009) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.ejpain.2009.06.003 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Østerås, B., Sigmundsson, H., & Haga, M. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2414-x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Hypermobility and musculoskeletal pain in adolescents
Morris, S. L., O'Sullivan, P. B., Murray, K. J., Bear, N., Hands, B., & Smith, A. J. (2017) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.09.060 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Silva, A. G., Sá‐Couto, P., Queirós, A., Neto, M., & Rocha, N. P. (2017) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-017-1557-6 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Fuglkjær, S., Dissing, K. B., & Hestbæk, L. (2017) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-017-1771-2 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Sohrbeck-Nøhr, O., Kristensen, J. H., Boyle, E., Remvig, L., & Juul-Kristensen, B. (2014) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-014-0302-7 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Dose–response relationship between sports activity and musculoskeletal pain in adolescents
Kamada, M., Abe, T., Kitayuguchi, J., Imamura, F., Lee, I.-M. M., Kadowaki, M., Sawada, S. S., Miyachi, M., Matsui, Y., & Uchio, Y. (2016) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000529 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Keeratisiroj, O., & Siritaratiwat, W. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2017-0150 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
van Meulenbroek, T., Huijnen, I. P. J., Simons, L. E., Conijn, A. E. A., Engelbert, R. H. H., & Verbunt, J. A. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2020-0023 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Is joint hypermobility important in prepubertal children?
Yazgan, P., Geyikli, İ., Zeyrek, D., Baktiroğlu, L., & Kurçer, M. A. (2008) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-008-0528-5 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Michaleff, Z. A., Campbell, P., Protheroe, J., Rajani, A., & Dunn, K. M. (2017) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-017-1586-1 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Fuglkjær, S., Hartvigsen, J., Wedderkopp, N., Boyle, E., Jespersen, E., Junge, T., Larsen, L. R., & Hestbæk, L. (2017) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-017-1859-8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Hulsegge, G., van Oostrom, S. H., Picavet, H. S. J., Twisk, J. W. R., Postma, D. S., Kerkhof, M., Smit, H. A., & Wijga, A. H. (2011) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr205 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Factors related to seeking health care among adolescents with musculoskeletal pain
Paananen, M., TAIMELA, S. P., Tammelin, T., KANTOMAA, M. T., Ebeling, H. E., Taanila, A. M., Zitting, P., & Karppinen, J. I. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.01.002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Musculoskeletal pain distribution in 1,000 Danish schoolchildren aged 8–16 years
Fuglkjær, S., Vach, W., Hartvigsen, J., Dissing, K. B., Junge, T., & Hestbæk, L. (2020) · Chiropractic & Manual Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12998-020-00330-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Andias, R., & Silva, A. G. (2022) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnac053 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Fisher, E., Monsell, F. P., Clinch, J., & Eccleston, C. (2024) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003274 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Multi-site musculoskeletal pain in adolescence: occurrence, determinants, and consequences
Paananen, M. (2011) · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Nichols, M., Jacobs, C. A., Lemaster, N. G., Magnuson, J. A., Mair, S. D., Ortiz, S. F., Hettrich, C. M., Baumgarten, K. M., Bishop, J. Y., Bollier, M. J., et al. (2022) · Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jse.2022.08.011 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wolff, N. J., Darlington, A., Hunfeld, J. A. M., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Albert Hofman, D., Raat, H., Verhulst, F. C., Passchier, J., & Tiemeier, H. W. (2012) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsr122 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Pain in children – a call for more longitudinal research
Jones, G. T. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.06.016 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Adolescent obesity, joint pain, and hypermobility
Bout‐Tabaku, S., Klieger, S. B., Wrotniak, B. H., Sherry, D. D., Zemel, B. S., & Stettler, N. (2014) · Pediatric Rheumatology · doi:10.1186/1546-0096-12-11 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kangas, J., Dankaerts, W., & Staes, F. F. G. M. (2011) · Manual Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.math.2011.07.004 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Firman, N., Homer, K., Harper, G., Robson, J. P., & Dezateux, C. A. (2024) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2023-326407 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Yazdi, N. K., Mehdikhani, M., Rahimi, N. M., & Zimmermann, E. (2014) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Until it hurts? Epidemiology of musculoskeletal pain in youth sports
Kamada, M., Abe, T., & Kitayuguchi, J. (2017) · The Journal of Physical Fitness and Sports Medicine · doi:10.7600/jpfsm.6.317 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Prospective Investigation of Biomechanical Risk Factors for Anterior Knee Pain
Boling, M. C. (2019) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/mq3f-h075 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Understanding chronic pain and disability in young people: a study with catalan schoolchildren
Roselló, A. H. (2007) · TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)
Ellsworth, J. E. (2012)
The Heterogeneity of Joint Hypermobility
Lamari, N. M., & Beighton, P. (2023) · In clinical practice · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-34914-0_4
Paediatric Knee Injuries: A Narrative Review
Khan, A. M., & Gupte, C. M. (2024) · British Journal of Hospital Medicine · doi:10.12968/hmed.2024.0258
Fuglkjær, S., Vach, W., Hartvigsen, J., Dissing, K. B., Junge, T., & Hestbæk, L. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12756679
Fuglkjær, S., Vach, W., Hartvigsen, J., Dissing, K. B., Junge, T., & Hestbæk, L. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12756676
Gribbon, S., Vilhjálmsson, R., & Kristjánsdóttir, G. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-026-26697-7
- Authors
- El-Metwally, A., Salminen, J. J., Auvinen, A., Kautiainen, H., & Mikkelsson, M.
- Affiliations
- Turku University Hospital (FI)
- Tampere University (FI)
- Reumasäätiön sairaala (FI)
- Venue
- BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
- Published
- 2006-01-18
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-3
- ISSN
- 1471-2474 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1382225
- OpenAlex
- W1855568856
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University) (publishedVersion)
- Aberdeen University Research Archive (Aberdeen University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Signe ja Ane Gyllenbergin Säätiö
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Keywords
- lower limb pain, trauma pain, preadolescents, elementary school students, risk factors, knee pain, thigh pain, psychosomatic symptoms, physical fitness, high-intensity exercise, school absenteeism, joint hypermobility, depressive mood, headache
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Child, Exercise Test, Female, Finland, Humans, Joint Instability, Male, Pain, Pain Measurement, Physical Fitness, Psychophysiologic Disorders, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Cohort Studies, Exercise, Lower Extremity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
