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Evidence of increasing Leu-Phe knockdown resistance mutation in Anopheles gambiae from Niger following a nationwide long-lasting insecticide-treated nets implementation
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: At the end of 2005, a nationwide long-lasting insecticide-treated net (LLIN) distribution targeting the most vulnerable populations was implemented throughout Niger. A large number of studies in Africa have reported the existence of anopheline populations resistant to various insecticides, partly due to knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations, but few operational wide-scale control programmes were coupled with the monitoring of such mutations. The distribution of the kdr-west (kdr-w) Leu-Phe mutation was studied in Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Niger and temporal variations were monitored following the nationwide LLIN implementation. METHODS: Mosquitoes were collected from 14 localities during the wet seasons of 2005, 2006 and 2007 with additional sampling in the capital city, Niamey. After morphological identification of Anopheles gambiae s.l. specimens, DNA extracts were used for the determination of species and molecular forms of the Anopheles gambiae complex and for the detection of the kdr-w mutation. RESULTS: Around 1,500 specimens collected in the three consecutive years were analysed. All Anopheles arabiensis specimens analysed were homozygous susceptible, whereas the few Anopheles gambiae S forms exhibited a high overall kdr-w frequency. The M form samples exhibited a low overall kdr-w frequency before the LLIN distribution, that increased significantly in the two wet season collections following the LLIN distribution. Higher kdr frequencies were repeatedly noticed within host-seeking females compared to resting ones in indoor collections. In addition, preliminary results in M form urban populations from Niamey showed far higher kdr frequencies than in all of the rural sites studied. DISCUSSION: This study describes the first case of kdr mutation in Anopheles gambiae populations from Niger. It is suspected that the LLIN have caused the important temporal increase of kdr-w mutation observed during this study. While the kdr mutation is still found at a low level, this rapid increase could potentially lead to high kdr frequencies within a few years. CONCLUSION: These results are of prime importance in the effort to document multiple effects of operational control programmes on mosquito vectors, and to conceive sustainable control strategies for future malaria control programmes.
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“Besides that, increase in kdr frequencies was evidenced in An. gambiae (s.l.) after the distribution of LLINs in Kenya [34], Niger [35], Senegal [36] and Benin [37].”
From Mapping insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) from Côte d'Ivoire (2018) · cites this paper as [35]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Czeher, C., Labbo, R., Arzika, I., & Duchemin, J.-B.
- Affiliations
- Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (NE)
- Corresponding author
- Czeher, Cyrille
- Venue
- Malaria Journal
- Published
- 2008-09-25
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 189-189
- ISSN
- 1475-2875 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2562389
- OpenAlex
- W2051157460
- Cited by
- 134
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 6.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Malaria Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
- World Health Organization
- European Commission
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Insect Resistance and Genetics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Dengue and Mosquito Control Research
- Keywords
- kdr mutation, KDR, Anopheles gambiae s.l., Anopheles arabiensis, long-lasting insecticidal nets, insecticide resistance, malaria vector control, Niger, resistance trends, urban mosquito populations
- MeSH terms
- Alleles, Animals, Anopheles, Humans, Insecticide Resistance, Insecticides, Malaria, Mosquito Control, Niger, Protective Devices, Mutation, Missense, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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