Cited by 138Malaria Research and ControlInsect Resistance and GeneticsDengue and Mosquito Control Research

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Evidence of increasing Leu-Phe knockdown resistance mutation in Anopheles gambiae from Niger following a nationwide long-lasting insecticide-treated nets implementation

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Czeher, Cyrille, Labbo, Rabiou, Arzika, Ibrahim, Duchemin, Jean-Bernard·2008·Malaria Journal

DOI 10.1186/1475-2875-7-189PMC PMC2562389

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: At the end of 2005, a nationwide long-lasting insecticide-treated net (LLIN) distribution targeting the most vulnerable populations was implemented throughout Niger. A large number of studies in Africa have reported the existence of anopheline populations resistant to various insecticides, partly due to knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations, but few operational wide-scale control programmes were coupled with the monitoring of such mutations. The distribution of the kdr-west (kdr-w) Leu-Phe mutation was studied in Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations from Niger and temporal variations were monitored following the nationwide LLIN implementation. METHODS: Mosquitoes were collected from 14 localities during the wet seasons of 2005, 2006 and 2007 with additional sampling in the capital city, Niamey. After morphological identification of Anopheles gambiae s.l. specimens, DNA extracts were used for the determination of species and molecular forms of the Anopheles gambiae complex and for the detection of the kdr-w mutation. RESULTS: Around 1,500 specimens collected in the three consecutive years were analysed. All Anopheles arabiensis specimens analysed were homozygous susceptible, whereas the few Anopheles gambiae S forms exhibited a high overall kdr-w frequency. The M form samples exhibited a low overall kdr-w frequency before the LLIN distribution, that increased significantly in the two wet season collections following the LLIN distribution. Higher kdr frequencies were repeatedly noticed within host-seeking females compared to resting ones in indoor collections. In addition, preliminary results in M form urban populations from Niamey showed far higher kdr frequencies than in all of the rural sites studied. DISCUSSION: This study describes the first case of kdr mutation in Anopheles gambiae populations from Niger. It is suspected that the LLIN have caused the important temporal increase of kdr-w mutation observed during this study. While the kdr mutation is still found at a low level, this rapid increase could potentially lead to high kdr frequencies within a few years. CONCLUSION: These results are of prime importance in the effort to document multiple effects of operational control programmes on mosquito vectors, and to conceive sustainable control strategies for future malaria control programmes.

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Figure 1 Map of the study area and collection sites.CC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 2 kdr-w allelic frequency in An. gambiae M forms by year and method of collection. Averaged kdr frequency over all rural sites (13 villages in 2005 and 2006, 6 villages in 2007). ILC: Indoor Landing Collections. IRC: Indoor Resting CollectionsCC BY · PubMed Central

Figure 3 View of the Gountou Yena stream. Picture taken in Niamey during early wet season (june 2008), showing the small stream surrounded by small-scale gardening areas (top-left) where kdr frequency within An. gambiae M form larvae was particularly highCC BY · PubMed Central

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Self-citation

Authors: Czeher, C., Labbo, R., Arzika, I., & Duchemin, J.-B.
Affiliations: Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire (NE)
Corresponding author: Czeher, Cyrille
ORCID: Czeher, Cyrille
Labbo, Rabiou
Duchemin, Jean-Bernard
Venue: Malaria Journal
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2008-09-25
Volume: 7
Issue: 1
Pages: 189-189
ISSN: 1475-2875 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-7-189
PMC: PMC2562389
OpenAlex: W2051157460
Cited by: 134
References: 64
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 15
FWCI: 6.62
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 (tdm)
Locations: Malaria Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria
World Health Organization
European Commission
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Insect Resistance and Genetics
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Dengue and Mosquito Control Research
Keywords: kdr mutation, KDR, Anopheles gambiae s.l., Anopheles arabiensis, long-lasting insecticidal nets, insecticide resistance, malaria vector control, Niger, resistance trends, urban mosquito populations
MeSH terms: Alleles, Animals, Anopheles, Humans, Insecticide Resistance, Insecticides, Malaria, Mosquito Control, Niger, Protective Devices, Mutation, Missense, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide

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Evidence of increasing Leu-Phe knockdown resistance mutation in Anopheles gambiae from Niger following a nationwide long-lasting insecticide-treated nets implementation

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