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Mutations in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of anophelines and their association with resistance to pyrethroids – a review

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Silva, Ana Paula B, Santos, Joselita Maria M, Martins, Ademir J·2014·Parasites & Vectors
DOI 10.1186/1756-3305-7-450PMC PMC4283120
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Abstract

Constant and extensive use of chemical insecticides has created a selection pressure and favored resistance development in many insect species worldwide. One of the most important pyrethroid resistance mechanisms is classified as target site insensitivity, due to conformational changes in the target site that impair a proper binding of the insecticide molecule. The voltage-gated sodium channel (NaV) is the target of pyrethroids and DDT insecticides, used to control insects of medical, agricultural and veterinary importance, such as anophelines. It has been reported that the presence of a few non-silent point mutations in the NaV gene are associated with pyrethroid resistance, termed as 'kdr' (knockdown resistance) for preventing the knockdown effect of these insecticides. The presence of these mutations, as well as their effects, has been thoroughly studied in Anopheles mosquitoes. So far, kdr mutations have already been detected in at least 13 species (Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles sinensis, Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles subpictus, Anopheles sacharovi, Anopheles culicifacies, Anopheles sundaicus, Anopheles aconitus, Anopheles vagus, Anopheles paraliae, Anopheles peditaeniatus and Anopheles albimanus) from populations of African, Asian and, more recently, American continents. Seven mutational variants (L1014F, L1014S, L1014C, L1014W, N1013S, N1575Y and V1010L) were described, with the highest prevalence of L1014F, which occurs at the 1014 site in NaV IIS6 domain. The increase of frequency and distribution of kdr mutations clearly shows the importance of this mechanism in the process of pyrethroid resistance. In this sense, several species-specific and highly sensitive methods have been designed in order to genotype individual mosquitoes for kdr in large scale, which may serve as important tolls for monitoring the dynamics of pyrethroid resistance in natural populations. We also briefly discuss investigations concerning the course of Plasmodium infection in kdr individuals. Considering the limitation of insecticides available for employment in public health campaigns and the absence of a vaccine able to brake the life cycle of the malaria parasites, the use of pyrethroids is likely to remain as the main strategy against mosquitoes by either indoor residual spraying (IR) and insecticide treated nets (ITN). Therefore, monitoring insecticide resistance programs is a crucial need in malaria endemic countries.

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Silva, A. P. B., Santos, J. M. M., & Martins, A. J.
Affiliations
  • Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (BR)
  • Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (BR)
Corresponding author
Martins, Ademir J
ORCID
Venue
Parasites & Vectors
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2014-10-07
Volume
7
Issue
1
Pages
450-450
ISSN
1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1756-3305-7-450
PMC
PMC4283120
OpenAlex
W2132722433
Cited by
160
References
15
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 1
FWCI
1.56
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Arca - Repositório Institucional da Fiocruz (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders
  • Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
  • Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
  • Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
  • Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia
  • National Institute on Aging
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Insect Resistance and Genetics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Insect Pest Control Strategies
Keywords
pyrethroid resistance, kdr mutation, voltage-gated sodium channels, Anopheles, target site insensitivity, insecticide resistance, L1014F mutation, malaria, malaria vector control, DDT resistance, insecticide resistance monitoring, Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles sinensis
MeSH terms
Animals, Anopheles, Gene Frequency, Genotype, Geography, Humans, Insect Vectors, Insecticide Resistance, Insecticides, Malaria, Pyrethrins, Sodium Channels, Point Mutation, Amino Acid Substitution

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