The multiplicity of malaria transmission: a review of entomological inoculation rate measurements and methods across sub-Saharan Africa
Open accessAbstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a serious tropical disease that causes more than one million deaths each year, most of them in Africa. It is transmitted by a range of Anopheles mosquitoes and the risk of disease varies greatly across the continent. The "entomological inoculation rate" is the commonly-used measure of the intensity of malaria transmission, yet the methods used are currently not standardized, nor do they take the ecological, demographic, and socioeconomic differences across populations into account. To better understand the multiplicity of malaria transmission, this study examines the distribution of transmission intensity across sub-Saharan Africa, reviews the range of methods used, and explores ecological parameters in selected locations. It builds on an extensive geo-referenced database and uses geographical information systems to highlight transmission patterns, knowledge gaps, trends and changes in methodologies over time, and key differences between land use, population density, climate, and the main mosquito species. The aim is to improve the methods of measuring malaria transmission, to help develop the way forward so that we can better assess the impact of the large-scale intervention programmes, and rapid demographic and environmental change taking place across Africa.
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Large, poorly quantified errors can arise in measuring VC because of the methods used to catch mosquitoes and estimate bionomic parameters.
“large, poorly quantified errors can arise because of the methods used to catch mosquitoes and estimate bionomic parameters80”
From Recasting the theory of mosquito-borne pathogen transmission dynamics and control (2014) · cites this paper as [80]
The Results (APfEIR measurement methods; page not provided) report substantial variability in mosquito-sampling methods, and the Conclusion says studies often omitted collection details or failed to account for species’ feeding and resting patterns. Those passages support concern about poorly characterized measurement error, but the paper addresses entomological inoculation rate, not errors in vectorial capacity (VC) estimates or in estimating bionomic parameters. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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Cites
The entomological inoculation rate and Plasmodium falciparum infection in African children
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“Further, it was found that PSC-based studies [80-83] did not routinely adjust for the different feeding and resting patterns of the mosquito species, an omission, which may be important in locations where vectors often rest outdoors after feeding e.”
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Recasting the theory of mosquito-borne pathogen transmission dynamics and control
Smith, D. L., Perkins, T. A., Reiner, R. C., Barker, C. M., Niu, T., Chaves, L. F., Ellis, A. M., George, D. B., Le Menach, A., Pulliam, J. R. C., et al. (2014) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1093/trstmh/tru026 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“…the utility of these: large, poorly quan-tified errors can arise because of the methods used to catch mosquitoes and estimate bionomic parameters 80 ; systematic bias in parameter estimates can arise from fluctuations in mosquito populations 81 or senescing mosquito populations, or other…”
Background
- Authors
- Kelly-Hope, L. A., & McKenzie, F. E.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- ORCID
- McKenzie, F Ellis
- Venue
- Malaria Journal
- Published
- 2009-01-23
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19-19
- ISSN
- 1475-2875 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2656515
- OpenAlex
- W2112338101
- Cited by
- 203
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 1.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Malaria Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSTM Online Archive (Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Bird parasitology and diseases
- Keywords
- malaria transmission intensity, entomological inoculation rate, Plasmodium falciparum, Anopheles, sub-Saharan Africa, mosquito species composition, land use, population density, climate
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Insect Bites and Stings, Insect Vectors, Mosquito Control, Plasmodium falciparum, Population Density, Socioeconomic Factors, Malaria, Falciparum, Africa South of the Sahara, Endemic Diseases
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