Mental disorders as risk factors: assessing the evidence for the global burden of disease study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Mental disorders are associated with a considerable burden of disease as well as being risk factors for other health outcomes. The new Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study will make estimates for both the disability and mortality directly associated with mental disorders, as well as the burden attributable to other health outcomes. Herein we discuss the process by which health outcomes in which mental disorders are risk factors are selected for inclusion in the GBD Study. We make suggestions for future research to strengthen the body of evidence for mental disorders as risk factors. METHODS: We identified a list of potential associations between mental disorders and subsequent health outcomes based on a review of the literature and consultation with mental health experts. A two-stage filter was applied to identify mental disorders and health outcomes that meet the criteria for inclusion in the GBD Study. Major limitations in the current literature are discussed and illustrated with examples identified during our review. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Only two associations are included in the new GBD Study. These associations are the increased risk of ischemic heart disease with major depression and mental disorders as a risk factor for suicide. There is evidence that mental disorders are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes and injuries. However, these associations were unable to be included because of insufficient data. The most common reasons for exclusion were inconsistent identification of 'cases', uncertain validity of health outcomes, lack of generalizability, insufficient control for confounding factors and lack of evidence for temporality. CONCLUSIONS: CVD, type 2 diabetes and injury are important public health policy areas. Prospective community studies of outcomes in patients with mental disorders are required, and their design must address a range of confounding factors.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
There was sufficient evidence for causal effects to quantify the burden attributable to MDD as a risk factor for suicide and ischemic heart disease.
“Out of the comprehensive list of health outcomes originally investigated for mental disorders [32], there was sufficient evidence for causal effects to quantify the burden attributable to MDD as a risk factor for suicide and ischemic heart disease.”
From Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (2013) · cites this paper as [32]
There was insufficient evidence at the time of review for a causal relationship between MDD and stroke, diabetes, and vascular dementia/Alzheimer's disease.
“Although there is literature linking stroke, diabetes, and vascular dementia/Alzheimer's disease to MDD, there was insufficient evidence at the time of our review for a causal relationship and more studies are needed to support these tentative associations [32].”
From Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (2013) · cites this paper as [32]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Yusuf, S., Hawken, S., Ôunpuu, S., Dans, T., Avezum, A., Lanas, F., McQueen, M., Budaj, A., Pais, P., Varigos, J., et al. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17018-9 · Cited by 12,026 · see citing works
Molecular Mechanisms of Depression: Perspectives on New Treatment Strategies
Lang, U. E., & Borgwardt, S. (2013) · Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1159/000350094 · Cited by 8,501 · see citing works
The environment and disease: association or causation?
Hill, A. B. (2015) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/0141076814562718 · Cited by 7,302 · see citing works
The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?
Hill, A. B. (1965) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/003591576505800503 · Cited by 6,974 · see citing works
Sontrop, J. M., Dixon, S. N., Garg, A. X., Jiménez, I. B., Dohein, O., Huang, S. S., & Clark, W. F. (2013) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000350377 · Cited by 5,903 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM ‐ IV ‐ TR )
Segal, D. L. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470479216.corpsy0271 · Cited by 4,683 · see citing works
Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Study
Murray, C. J., & Lopez, A. D. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)07495-8 · Cited by 4,492 · see citing works
No health without mental health
Prince, M. J., Patel, V., Saxena, S., Maj, M., Maselko, J., Phillips, M. R., & Rahman, A. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61238-0 · Cited by 3,835 · see citing works
Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors
López, A. D., Mathers, C. D., Ezzati, M., Jamison, D. T. T., & Murray, C. J. L. (2006) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-0-8213-6262-4 · Cited by 2,693 · see citing works
Porta, M. (2026) · doi:10.1093/acref/9780197663639.001.0001 · Cited by 2,175 · see citing works
Quantifying the burden of disease: the technical basis for disability-adjusted life years.
Murray, C. J. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 1,556 · see citing works
Okura, Y., Urban, L. H., Mahoney, D. W., Jacobsen, S. J., & Rodeheffer, R. J. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.04.005 · Cited by 1,237 · see citing works
Depression as a risk factor for the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A meta-analysis
Knol, M. J., Twisk, J. W. R., Beekman, A. T. F., Heine, R. J., Snoek, F. J., & Pouwer, F. (2006) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0159-x · Cited by 974 · see citing works
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Taylor, A., Kokaua, J., Milne, B. J., Polanczyk, G., & Poulton, R. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709991036 · Cited by 938 · see citing works
Suls, J., & Bunde, J. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.2.260 · Cited by 878 · see citing works
Anxiety and Risk of Incident Coronary Heart Disease
Roest, A. M., Martens, E. J., de Jonge, P., & Denollet, J. (2010) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.034 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
Health systems performance assessment: debates, methods and empiricism.
Murray, C. J. L., & EVANS, D. B. (2003) · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Global burden of disease and risk factors
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-4479 · Cited by 831 · see citing works
Unemployment, Job Retention, and Productivity Loss Among Employees With Depression
Lerner, D., Adler, D. A., Chang, H., Lapitsky, L., Hood, M. Y., Perissinotto, C. M., Reed, J., McLaughlin, T. J., Berndt, E. R., & Rogers, W. H. (2004) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.55.12.1371 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
López, A. D., Cd, M., Ezzati, M., Jamison, D. T. T., & Cjl, M. (2006) · Cited by 399 · see citing works
Depression and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death and Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Whang, W., Kubzansky, L. D., Kawachi, I. I., Rexrode, K. M., Kroenke, C. H., Glynn, R. J., Garan, H., & Albert, C. M. (2009) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2008.10.060 · Cited by 342 · see citing works
Risk factors for self‐injurious behaviours among 222 young children with autistic disorders
Baghdadli, A., Pascal, C., Grisi, S., & Aussilloux, C. (2003) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2788.2003.00507.x · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Regenold, W. T. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00456-6 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Early-Onset Depression, Anxiety, and Risk of Subsequent Coronary Heart Disease
Janszky, I., Ahnve, S., Lundberg, I., & Hemmingsson, T. (2010) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.033 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Smoller, J. W. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.436 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Childhood Psychiatric Disorder and Unintentional Injury: Findings from a National Cohort Study
Rowe, R. (2004) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsh015 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Depressive Disorder, Dysthymia, and Risk of Stroke
Larson, S. L., Owens, P. L., Ford, D. E., & Eaton, W. W. (2001) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/hs0901.094623 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Last, J. M. (1986) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/15.2.277 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Increased risk of injury in children with developmental disabilities
Lee, L.-C., Harrington, R. A., Chang, J. J., & Connors, S. L. (2007) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2007.05.002 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Lane, M., Stang, P. E., & Van Brunt, D. L. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708003309 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
The missed lessons of Sir Austin Bradford Hill
Phillips, C. V., & Goodman, K. J. (2004) · Epidemiologic Perspectives & Innovations · doi:10.1186/1742-5573-1-3 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
What we know about ADHD and driving risk: a literature review, meta-analysis and critique.
Jerome, L., Segal, A., & Habinski, L. (2006) · PubMed Central · Cited by 155 · see citing works
de Jonge, P., & Rosmalen, J. G. M. (2006) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0389-y · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Effects of antidepressants on cytokine production and actions
Castanon, N., Leonard, B. E., Neveu, P. J., & Yirmiya, R. (2002) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/s0889-1591(02)00008-9 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
History of Depression Increases Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Younger Adults
Brown, L. C., Majumdar, S. R., Newman, S. C., & Johnson, J. A. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.5.1063 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Global Burden of Disease 2005: call for collaborators
Murray, C. J. L., López, A. D., Black, R. E., Mathers, C. D., Shibuya, K., Ezzati, M., Salomon, J. A., Michaud, C. M., Walker, N., & Vos, T. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61064-2 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Vaa, T. (2003) · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Effect of Depression on Stroke Morbidity and Mortality
Ramasubbu, R., & Patten, S. B. (2003) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674370304800409 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Diabetes and schizophrenia 2005: are we any closer to understanding the link?
Holt, R. I. G., Bushe, C., & Citrome, L. (2005) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881105058379 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Developmental plasticity in children
Dennis, M. (2000) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0021-9924(00)00028-9 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Mental Disorder Comorbidity in Te Rau Hinengaro: The New Zealand Mental Health Survey
Scott, K. M., McGee, M. A., Browne, M. A. O., & Wells, J. E. (2006) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01906.x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
1: Epidemiology and prevention of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome
Shaw, J. E., & Chisholm, D. J. (2003) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05677.x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Injury risk in young people with intellectual disability
Sherrard, J., Tonge, B. J., & Ozanne‐Smith, J. (2002) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2788.2002.00346.x · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Charlson, F., Stapelberg, N. J. C., Baxter, A. J., & Whiteford, H. (2011) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-9-47 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Self-citationHazell, P., Zhang, S., Wolańczyk, T., Barton, J., Johnson, M., Zuddas, A., Danckaerts, M., Ladikos, A., Benn, D., Yoran‐Hegesh, R., et al. (2006) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-006-0506-y · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Lin, H., Tsai, S., & Lee, H. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.09.016 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
López, A. D., Cd, M., Ezzati, M., Jamison, D. T. T., & Cjl, M. (2006) · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Todd, R. D., Huang, H., & Henderson, C. A. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01892.x · Cited by 63 · see citing works
1: Epidemiology and prevention of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome
Shaw, J. E., & Chisholm, D. J. (2003) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05599.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Screening for anxiety in an epidemiological sample: predictive accuracy of questionnaires
Hoyer, J., Becker, E. S., Neumer, S., Soeder, U., & Margraf, J. (2002) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0887-6185(01)00094-9 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Redelmeier, D. A., Chan, W. K., & Lu, H. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000369 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Regenold, W. T., Thapar, R. K., Marano, C. M., Gavirneni, S., & Kondapavuluru, P. V. (2003) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(02)00363-4 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Lin, H., Tsai, S., & Lee, H. (2007) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31815c1e93 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ferrari, A. J., Charlson, F. J., Norman, R. E., Patten, S. B., Freedman, G., Murray, C. J. L., Vos, T., & Whiteford, H. A. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001547 · Cited by 3,115 · see citing works
“Although there is literature linking stroke, diabetes, and vascular dementia/Alzheimer’s disease to MDD, there was insufficient evidence at the time of our review for a causal relationship and more studies are needed to support these tentative associations [32].”
BackgroundSelf-citationFerrari, A. J., Norman, R. E., Freedman, G., Baxter, A. J., Pirkis, J. E., Harris, M. G., Page, A., Carnahan, E., Degenhardt, L., Vos, T., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091936 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
“A literature review by Baxter and collaborators [22] as well as other studies summarised in the previous section [14–20] investigating mental and substance use disorders as risk factors for other health outcomes found sufficient evidence to meet these two conditions for suicide.”
ResultSelf-citationCharlson, F., Baxter, A. J., Dua, T., Degenhardt, L. J., Whiteford, H., & Vos, T. (2014) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796014000687 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
“…outcomes through methods such as the CRA is restricted by data availability and methodological challenges such as establishing causal relationships (Baxter et al. 2011a); nevertheless, there is a growing body of literature which can help us develop hypotheses around these contributions by…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSalehi-Sadaghiani, M., Paydar, M. J., Gharedaghi, M. H., Zandieh, A., Heydarpour, P., Yousefzadeh-fard, Y., & Dehpour, A. R. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2722-0 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Charlson, F., Baxter, A. J., Dua, T., Degenhardt, L. J., Whiteford, H., & Vos, T. (2016) · World Bank, Washington, DC eBooks · doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-0426-7_ch3 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationScreening and pathways to maternal mental health care in a South African antenatal setting
Vythilingum, B., Field, S., Kafaar, Z., Baron, E., Stein, D. J., Sanders, L., & Honikman, S. (2013) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-013-0343-1 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Baxter et al. (2011) advocated that accurate diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders may lead to a significant reduction in the global burden of important health outcomes.”
BackgroundMcPhedran, S., Eriksson, L., Mazerolle, P., Leo, D. D., Johnson, H., & Wortley, R. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515619172 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Αntonogeorgos, G., Panagiotakos, D. B., Pitsavos, C., Papageorgiou, C., Chrysohoou, C. A., Papadimitriou, G. N., & Stefanadis, C. (2012) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2012.06.103 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Rezaie, L., Shafaroodi, N., & Philips, D. (2017) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2017.09.008 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Chikezie, U. E., Otakpor, A., Kuteyi, O., & James, B. O. (2013) · Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.4103/1119-3077.110148 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Depression is a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide.[1] It is highly co-morbid in human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS).”
BackgroundPediatric anxiety disorders: from neuroscience to evidence-based clinical practice
Salum, G. A., DeSousa, D. A., do Rosário, M. C., Pine, D. S., & Manfro, G. G. (2013) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2013-s108 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Hall, W., Ruiz Rosado, B., & Chapman, M. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8070949 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Depression can contribute to a number of impairments and life disruptions, including missing school or work [5–7], tension in interpersonal relationships [8–11], substance use or abuse to self-medicate [12–14], and chronic health conditions (e.g., cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and HIV/AIDS) [15,16].”
Common Mental Disorders Associated with Tuberculosis: A Matched Case-Control Study
Araújo, G. S. D., Pereira, S. M., Santos, D. N. D., Marinho, J. M., Rodrigues, L. C., & Barreto, M. L. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0099551 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Mental disorders make a substantial independent contribution to the burden of disease worldwide [4].”
BackgroundPharmacoeconomics of depot antipsychotics for treating chronic schizophrenia in Sweden
Einarson, T. R., Vicente, C., Zilbershtein, R., Piwko, C., Bø, C. N., Pudas, H., Jensen, R., & Hemels, M. E. H. (2013) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/08039488.2013.852243 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Salum, G. A., Petersen, C. S., Jarros, R. B., Toazza, R., DeSousa, D. A., Borba, L. N., Castro, S. M. D. J., Gallegos, J., Barrett, P. M., Abend, R., et al. (2018) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2018.0022 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Pediatric anxiety disorders are prevalent and debilitating conditions (Baxter et al. 2011) that lead to later adult psychopathology (Gregory et al.”
Depression and incident hip fracture
Kim, S. Y., Lee, J. K., Oh, D. J., Kong, I. G., & Choi, H. G. (2019) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000016268 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“In addition to the negative psychiatric impacts, depression was suggested to increase the risk of various chronic diseases, such as osteoporosis, stroke, diabetes, and dementia.([7]) Several previous studies reported the association between depression and hip fractures.”
BackgroundChen, C., Chen, Y., Huang, Q., Yan, S., & Zhu, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.847098 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Aftercare services for patients with severe mental disorder: A randomized controlled trial.
Barekatain, M., Maracy, M. R., Rajabi, F., & Baratian, H. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Suicide Among Miners in Queensland, Australia
McPhedran, S., & Leo, D. D. (2013) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244013511262 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“In terms of suicide (and noting the abundance of literature concerning mental illness as a risk factor—see Baxter, Charlson, Somerville, & Whiteford, 2011), living in a remote location (e.g., Kolves, Milner, McKay, & De Leo, 2012), stressful life events such as relationship problems and marital…”
Tagles, H. D., Salinas‐Rodríguez, A., Idrovo, Á. J., Alberto Burquez, M., & Corral-Verdugo, V. (2015) · Biomédica · doi:10.7705/biomedica.v35i0.2433 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Sin embargo, el carácter transversal del estudio impide afirmar que dicha relación sea causal, pues también se ha documentado que la depresión misma puede ser un factor de riesgo para otras enfermedades (48).”
BackgroundRole of medicinal plants with antidepressant action and its mechanism: A Review
Seth, R. K., Agrawal, A., & Dubey, G. P. (2016) · Pharmaceutical and Biological Evaluations · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Vivalya, B. M. N., Vagheni, M. M., Piripiri, A. L., Masuka, R. K., Omba, A. N., N’Situ, A., Andjafono, D. O. L. E., & Kitoko, G. M. B. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114745 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Anxiety among Children and Youth in Ethiopia
Boru, B. B., & Guracho, Y. D. (2021) · Journal of Depression and Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.36959/362/479 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“5% to 10% pooled prevalence for any anxiety disorders in children and youth [1,4,10,17,18].”
BackgroundInfluentialWebster, S., Hawley, R. M., & Lopez, V. (2013) · Journal of Nursing Education and Practice · doi:10.5430/jnep.v3n11p133 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This is inconsistent with evidence that suggests that, in the majority of groups from non-English-speaking backgrounds, the prevalence of emotional distress and mental illness is at least as high as and often higher than in non-immigrants ([25]).”
ResultRetractedRisk factors for suicide among rural men: are farmers more socially isolated?
McPhedran, S., & Leo, D. D. (2013) · International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy · doi:10.1108/ijssp-03-2013-0038 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Job Satisfaction among Primary Health Care Workers in Buraidah, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
Aljumail, E., & Rabbani, U. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94173 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Alasmari, I. H., Saleh, M. M. A., Alahmari, M. A., Asiri, S. M., & Asiri, A. Y. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94184 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alomary, S. A., Alorainy, B. A., Albargan, N. S., Alotaibi, F. Z., & Alkholaiwi, F. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94191 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cao, T., Tian, M., Hu, H. H., Wu, H., Yu, Q., Su, X., Wang, R., Zhang, Q., An, Z., Song, J., et al. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.063 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Altaf, M., Altaf, L. Z., Farahat, F. M., & Althaqafi, A. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94170 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Luitel, N. P., Lamichhane, B., Sah, K., Basnet, B., Sainju, P., Gautam, K., Kohrt, B. A., & Jordans, M. J. D. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23225-x · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“These disorders not only result in high rates of morbidity and mortality, but also increase the risk of other diseases such as type-2 diabetes, ischemic heart disease [8–10], substance abuse [11], chronic pain and [12], immune system dysfunction [13].”
School Teachers’ Knowledge and Attitude toward School Students with Epilepsy
Alsugair, R. S., Alyabis, M. A., Algadi, M. A., Attieh, A. I., Juha, L. A., Alawa, R. G., Alghannam, S. G., Alsaadoon, N. Z., El-Sayed, N., & Alfadeel, M. A. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94183 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
El-Gamal, F., Alsubhi, N., Badr, S., Althaqafi, N., Al-Qadasi, F., & Hammed, M. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94179 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bah, Y. M. (2024) · British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies · doi:10.37745/bjmas.2022.0497 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Aras, Y. (2024) · Hacettepe sağlık idaresi dergisi · doi:10.61859/hacettepesid.1433329 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Indermaur, E., Karabegovic, A., & Fierz, K. (2025) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2025.103388 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Siddiqi, S., Haggerty, T., Akther, A., Rusu, S., Blair, D.-L., Eccles, H., Yu, J., Shorr, R., Gupta, A., Bouchard, K., et al. (2026) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.125.046964 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“25,26 Meta-analyses have shown a 1.95× [95% CI: 1.41–2.70] increased hazard of CVD and 2.45× [95% CI: 1.64–3.65] increased hazard of CVD associated mortality among patients with schizophrenia compared with those without schizophrenia.”
InfluentialThe Temporal Dynamic of Emotional Emergence, Surprise and Depression
Desmidt, T. (2018) · Contributions to phenomenology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98657-9_3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Community Mental Health Service in Oman: A Pilot Study
Al-Jadidi, S., Aboalatta, A. S., Al-Rahbi, I., Al-Harrasi, M., AlRauzaiqi, H., Sabeih, M. A., AlGammari, T., & Al-Shammakhi, A. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94180 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Increased Psychological Disorders among Pediatric Population during Covid
AlQaatri, H. A. J. H. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94174 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Body composition, nutrient intake and MTHFR genotype in patients with peripheral arterial disease
Brostow, D. P. (2014) · University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota)
The effects of the presence of a psychiatric outpatient clinic in a district on suicides
Akpınar, A., Yumrukçal, H., Bağcıoğlu, E., & Aksoy, U. M. (2013) · Journal of Mood Disorders · doi:10.5455/jmood.20130909122703
Police response to mental health crises: examining a new partnership
Saligari, J. (2018) · Own your potential (DEAKIN)
Warren, J. A., Anis, H. K., Klika, A. K., Navale, S. M., Zhou, G., Barsoum, W. K., Higuera, C. A., & Piuzzi, N. S. (2020) · The Journal of Hip Surgery · doi:10.1055/s-0040-1712522
comparative study of depression in elderly men and women following major fractures
Bharat, G. N., Sudheendra, P. R., Kumar, G. V. S., & Kushal, D. S. (2022) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6ns2.6855
“Depression has also been found to predispose an individual to various chronic diseases like osteoporosis, stroke, diabetes, and dementia [5].”
BackgroundAhmed, S. F., Alghamdi, G. A., Albalawi, A. A., AlQahtani, M., Ghonim, I. M., Elhady, H. M., Abdelhamid, S. A., & Eldesouky, A. A. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94189
Ballaji, W. K., & Hadadi, H. M. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94186
Barriers to Compliance of Hypertensive Patients in Abha City, Saudi Arabia
Almonawar, A. A., Alasmary, A. S., Mogbel, M. M., & Almojamad, H. M. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94177
Role of SGLT2 Inhibitors and GLP-1 Analogs in Cardiovascular Risk Reduction in Type 2 Diabetes
Rashed, M. H., Dauyoumor, T. D., Corney, S. M., Konono, K., Joubert, N., Mohamed, M., Sukhoo-Pertab, M., Makhomisane, M., Njeri, I., Mwita, J. C., et al. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94188
Environmental Triggers in Migraine patients in Riyadh: A Cross-Sectional Study
Harbi, A. A., Alzahrani, N. H., Alsuhibany, H. A., Aldosari, M. A. A., Alsalman, R. S., & Alkhalifah, A. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94172 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Diagnostic approach to eosinophilia in children
Shasho, R. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94190
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Non-Psychiatric Physicians about Addiction
Al-Ahmari, S. M., Almusa, A. A., Alshomrani, A. A., Ahmary, W. S. H. A., Assiry, Z. S. A., Alqahtany, S. M. S., Asiri, A. Y., Alqahtani, T. S., Alassiri, N. S., & Mostafa, O. A. (2021) · World Family Medicine Journal/Middle East Journal of Family Medicine · doi:10.5742/mewfm.2021.94185
SUICÍDIO POR TRANSTORNOS MENTAIS E COMPORTAMENTAIS ENTRE MÉDICOS
Araripe, M. C., Leitão, F. N. C., Jastrow, J. M. B., Bezerra, Í. M. P., Araripe, S. C. F., Araripe, D. T. R., dos Santos, A. V. R., Morais, M. J. D. D., de Abreu, L. C., & Wajnsztejn, R. (2023) · Revista Multidisciplinar em Saúde · doi:10.51161/integrar/rems/3878
(2023) · International Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.33140/ijp.08.05.01
Luitel, N. P., Kohrt, B. A., Lamichhane, B., Bhardwaj, A., Gautam, K., & Jordans, M. J. D. (2025) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-025-09014-2
“It is associated with increased risk of suicide, type-2 diabetes, and heart disease [4, 38, 64] with over 50% of suicide victims having depression [64].”
Psychological resilience and clinical depression on bone loss and fracture
Lim, Y., Jeong, C., Kim, J.-Y., Lee, J., Ha, J., Kim, M. K., Kwon, H., Song, K., Wang, S., & Baek, K. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-27060-3
Psychological distress in urban Iran: a multilevel analysis of socioeconomic position and context
Alipour, F., Rafiey, H., Salimi, Y., Ahmadi, S., & Paykani, T. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-05194-x
“Mental disorders substantially contribute to the global burden of disease, functioning both as non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and as risk factors for other health conditions [1–3].”
- Authors
- Baxter, A. J., Charlson, F. J., Somerville, A. J., & Whiteford, H. A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Baxter, Amanda J
- Venue
- BMC Medicine
- Published
- 2011-12
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 134-134
- ISSN
- 1741-7015 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3305628
- OpenAlex
- W1980214914
- Cited by
- 58
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 6.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Chronic Disease Management Strategies
- Keywords
- mental illness, risk factors, Global Burden of Disease Study, ischemic heart disease, major depressive disorder, suicide, cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, injuries, disability, mortality, confounding, temporality, case definition, quality of evidence
- MeSH terms
- Mental Disorders, Humans, Risk Factors, Suicide, Epidemiologic Research Design, Myocardial Ischemia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
