The development of effective behaviour change interventions to support the use of malaria rapid diagnostic tests by Tanzanian clinicians
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Parasitological confirmation is now recommended for all cases of suspected malaria. The roll-out of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) is hoped to enable this goal in low resource settings through point of care testing. However, simply making RDTs available has not led to high uptake of the tests or adherence to results by clinicians, with malaria continuing to be overdiagnosed in many settings. We undertook to design an evidence-based intervention package that would be sufficient to support the introduction of RDTs at dispensaries in Tanzania, to be evaluated through the Targeting Artemisinin Combination Therapy (TACT) cluster randomised controlled trial. METHODS: We describe five steps in our intervention design: formative research, review of existing evidence and theory, a workshop to define the intervention approach and content and results of formative research, engagement with behaviour change theory and literature, detailed design of intervention materials and piloting and pretesting of intervention materials. This involved fieldwork with a total of 19 health workers and 212 community members in northeast Tanzania. RESULTS: The formative research suggested that RDTs were a potential source of conflict in the health worker-patient interaction, but that health workers used various techniques to resolve this, including provision of antimalarial drugs for RDT-negative patients. Our reviews showed that evidence was mixed regarding the effectiveness of different methods and theories to support change in prescribing practice. Our design process is presented, drawing from this collective evidence. We describe the final TACT intervention package (including interactive small group workshops, feedback text messages, motivational text messages and patient information leaflets and posters) in terms of its programme theory and implementation theory. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that evidence-based design of complex interventions is possible. The use of formative research to understand malaria overdiagnosis in context was central to the design of the intervention as well as empirical research to test materials and methods prior to implementation. The TACT interventions may be appropriate for other settings where clinicians face similar challenges with malaria diagnostics. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01292707.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Among the papers that covered barrier identification, the methods used included observations, interviews and/or focus groups, surveys, literature reviews, structured reflection by researchers, job analysis and expert consensus, and predictive studies to identify factors influencing behaviour.
“In the papers where barrier identification was covered, the methods included observations, interviews and/or focus groups [14, 18, 30–32], surveys [32], literature reviews [24], structured reflection by the researchers [32], job analysis and expert consensus [18], and undertaking a predictive study to identify factors influencing the behaviour [28].”
From Methods for designing interventions to change healthcare professionals’ behaviour: a systematic review (2017) · cites this paper as [30]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(1983) · Cited by 33,192 · see citing works
(1999) · Cited by 28,356 · see citing works
Communities of Practice: Learning, Meaning, and Identity
Wenger, E. (1998) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511803932 · Cited by 23,500 · see citing works
The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action
Checkoway, B. N., & Schön, D. A. (1985) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.2307/3324262 · Cited by 21,311 · see citing works
Developing and evaluating complex interventions: the new Medical Research Council guidance
Craig, P., Dieppe, P., Macintyre, S., Michie, S., Nazareth, I., & Petticrew, M. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.a1655 · Cited by 10,995 · see citing works
(2014) · Palgrave Macmillan eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137399595.0007 · Cited by 8,328 · see citing works
From best evidence to best practice: effective implementation of change in patients' care
Grol, R., & Grimshaw, J. (2003) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14546-1 · Cited by 4,531 · see citing works
Patient-centredness: a conceptual framework and review of the empirical literature
Mead, N., & Bower, P. (2000) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00098-8 · Cited by 2,993 · see citing works
What is participatory research?
Cornwall, A., & Jewkes, R. (1995) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(95)00127-s · Cited by 2,560 · see citing works
Reflection and reflective practice in health professions education: a systematic review
Mann, K., Gordon, J., & MacLeod, A. (2009) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-007-9090-2 · Cited by 2,175 · see citing works
Developing and Evaluating Complex Interventions: New Guidance
Craig, P., Dieppe, P. A., MacIntyre, S., Michie, S., Nazareth, I., & Petticrew, M. P. (2006) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 1,877 · see citing works
Oxman, A. D., Thomson, M., Davis, D. A., & Haynes, R. B. (1995) · PubMed Central · Cited by 1,847 · see citing works
Krasner, M. S. (2009) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1384 · Cited by 1,650 · see citing works
Houts, P. S., Doak, C. C., Doak, L. G., & Loscalzo, M. J. (2006) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2005.05.004 · Cited by 1,624 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Principles previously found to be effective in the design of patient information leaflets were followed throughout the process, to ensure cultural relevance [33,36], clarity and number of take-home messages [36], types of pictures used [37], particularly of line drawings for low-literacy readers [38], and attention to…”
BackgroundHow can we achieve and maintain high-quality performance of health workers in low-resource settings?
Rowe, A. K., de Savigny, D., Lanata, C. F., & Victora, C. G. (2005) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67028-6 · Cited by 1,048 · see citing works
Papell, C. P., & Skolnik, L. R. (1992) · Journal of Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/10437797.1992.10778754 · Cited by 1,005 · see citing works
Specifying and reporting complex behaviour change interventions: the need for a scientific method
Michie, S., Fixsen, D., Grimshaw, J. M., & Eccles, M. P. (2009) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-4-40 · Cited by 976 · see citing works
Planning and Studying Improvement in Patient Care: The Use of Theoretical Perspectives
GROL, R. P. T. M., BOSCH, M. C., HULSCHER, M. E. J. L., ECCLES, M. P., & WENSING, M. (2007) · The Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2007.00478.x · Cited by 943 · see citing works
Noar, S. M., & Zimmerman, R. S. (2005) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyg113 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Theoretical perspectives in medical education: past experience and future possibilities
Mann, K. V. (2010) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03757.x · Cited by 566 · see citing works
The use of theory in health behavior research from 2000 to 2005: a systematic review
Painter, J. E., Borba, C. P. C., Hynes, M., Mays, D., & Glanz, K. (2008) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-008-9042-y · Cited by 556 · see citing works
Zurovac, D., Sudoi, R. K., Akhwale, W. S., Ndiritu, M., Hamer, D. H., Rowe, A. K., & Snow, R. W. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60783-6 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
Designing effective written health education materials: Considerations for health professionals
Hoffmann, T., & Worrall, L. E. (2004) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638280410001724816 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Ensuring quality and access for malaria diagnosis: how can it be achieved?
Bell, D., Wongsrichanalai, C., & Barnwell, J. W. (2006) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro1474 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Kjeldmand, D., & Holmström, I. K. (2008) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.813 · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Intervention Research in Rational Use of Drugs: A Review
Grand, A. L., Hogerzeil, H., & Haaijer-Ruskamp, F. M. (1999) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/14.2.89 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Chandler, C., Jones, C. O. H., Boniface, G., Juma, K., Reyburn, H., & Whitty, C. W. M. (2008) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2875-7-53 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citationD’Acremont, V., Lengeler, C., & Genton, B. (2010) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2875-9-240 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Vavrus, F. (2008) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2008.05.002 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
D’Acremont, V., Kahama‐Maro, J., Swai, N. O., Mtasiwa, D. M., Genton, B., & Lengeler, C. (2011) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2875-10-107 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Negotiating Relevance: Belief, Knowledge, and Practice in International Health Projects
Yoder, P. S. (1997) · Medical Anthropology Quarterly · doi:10.1525/maq.1997.11.2.131 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Dickinson, D., Raynor, D. K., & Duman, M. (2001) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/s0738-3991(00)00156-7 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
A progressive declining in the burden of malaria in north-eastern Tanzania
Mmbando, B. P., Vestergaard, L. S., Kitua, A. Y., Lemnge, M. M., Theander, T. G., & Lusingu, J. (2010) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2875-9-216 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Gal, I., & Prigat, A. (2004) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyh009 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Explaining clinical behaviors using multiple theoretical models
Eccles, M., Grimshaw, J., MacLennan, G., Bonetti, D. L., Glidewell, L., Pitts, N. B., Steen, N., Thomas, R. E., Walker, A. E., & Johnston, M. (2012) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-7-99 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Balint training makes GPs thrive better in their job
Kjeldmand, D., Holmström, I. K., & Rosenqvist, U. (2004) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2003.09.009 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Chandler, C., Whitty, C. W. M., & Ansah, E. (2010) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2875-9-95 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-citationOvercoming health systems barriers to successful malaria treatment
Rao, B., Schellenberg, D. M., & Ghani, A. C. (2013) · Trends in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.pt.2013.01.005 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Asiimwe, C., Kyabayinze, D. J., Kyalisiima, Z., Nabakooza, J., Bajabaite, M., Counihan, H., & Tibenderana, J. (2012) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-7-5 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Odaga, J., Sinclair, D., Lokong, J. A., Donegan, S., Hopkins, H., & Garner, P. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008998.pub2 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Malaria overdiagnosis: is patient pressure the problem?
Chandler, C., Mwangi, R., Mbakilwa, H., Olomi, R. M., Whitty, C. W. M., & Reyburn, H. (2008) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czm046 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationWilliams, H. A., Causer, L. M., Metta, E. O., Malila, A., O'Reilly, T., Abdulla, S., Kachur, S. P., & Bloland, P. B. (2008) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2875-7-239 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Bruxvoort, K. J., Kalolella, A., Nchimbi, H., Festo, C., Taylor, M., Thomson, R. M., Cairns, M. E., Thwing, J. I., Kleinschmidt, I., Goodman, C. A., et al. (2013) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.12168 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Masanja, I. M., McMorrow, M., Kahigwa, E., Kachur, S. P., & McElroy, P. D. (2010) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0194 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Montgomery, C. M., Mwengee, W., Kong'ong'o, M., & Pool, R. (2006) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01719.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Baltzell, K., Elfving, K., Shakely, D., Ali, A., Msellem, M. I., Gulati, S., & Mårtensson, A. (2013) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2875-12-37 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Baiden, F., Owusu‐Agyei, S., Okyere, E., Tivura, M., Adjei, G. O., Chandramohan, D., & Webster, J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0045556 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Willingness to use a rapid diagnostic test for malaria in a rural area of central Côte d’Ivoire
Comoé, C. C., Ouattara, A. F., Raso, G., Tanner, M., Utzinger, J., & Koudou, B. G. (2012) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-1089 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Grimshaw, J., Shirran, L., Thomas, R. E., Mowatt, G., Fraser, C., Bero, L. A., Grilli, R. G., Harvey, E., Oxman, A., & O’Brien, M. A. (2002) · doi:10.1002/9780470755891.ch4 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Patient information leaflets: producing understandable PILs
Newton, L. D., Newton, D. P., Clark, J., Kenny, T., Moseley, D. V., Purves, I., & Wilson, R. (1998) · Journal of Information Science · doi:10.1177/016555159802400303 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
"Here in Africa, We Teach; Students Listen": Lessons about Culture from Tanzania.
Stambach, A. (1994) · Journal of curriculum and supervision · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Virtual special issue introduction: Health behaviour change
Aboud, F. E. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.09.002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Communicating with pictures in Nepal
Nepal (1976) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- World Health Organisation Guidelines for the Treatment of Malaria 2010 2 Geneva Available online at http://www.who.int/malaria/publications/atoz/9789241547925/en/index.html 25473692
- Haaland A Moloney J Mshana C Instructions on use of AMs which give users visual logical reasons to finish course, may influence adherence understanding of connection between taking full course of treatment and clearance of malaria parasites in Tanzania and Uganda (poster) Multilateral Initiative on Malaria Conference 2009 Nairobi
- Ross-Degnan D Laing R Santoso B Ofori-Adjei D Lamoureux C Hogerzeil H Improving pharmaceutical use in primary care in developing counties: a critical review of experience and lack of experience Presented at the International Conference on Improving Use of Medicines 1997 Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Haaland A Sopiene R Kuksa L Skrastina I Biraua E Skerbiene A Gajauskiene V Kaupiene J Bielskiene V Using guided self-observation and reflection Increase motivation to learn communication skills (poster) EACH (European Association for Communication in Health) conference 2010 Verona, Italy
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Colquhoun, H. L., Squires, J. E., Kolehmainen, N., Fraser, C., & Grimshaw, J. M. (2017) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-017-0560-5 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Hopkins, H., Bruxvoort, K. J., Cairns, M. E., Chandler, C., Leurent, B., Ansah, E., Baiden, F., Baltzell, K., Björkman, A., Burchett, H., et al. (2017) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.j1054 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Self-citationKabaghe, A. N., Visser, B. J., Spijker, R., Phiri, K., Grobusch, M., & van Vugt, M. (2016) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1218-5 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Bruxvoort, K. J., Leurent, B., Chandler, C., Ansah, E., Baiden, F., Björkman, A., Burchett, H., Clarke, S. E., Cundill, B., DiLiberto, D., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.16-0955 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationBurchett, H., Leurent, B., Baiden, F., Baltzell, K., Björkman, A., Bruxvoort, K. J., Clarke, S. E., DiLiberto, D., Elfving, K., Goodman, C. A., et al. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012973 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationAlbarqouni, L., Arab‐Zozani, M., Abukmail, E., Greenwood, H., Pathirana, T., Clark, J. M., Kopitowski, K. S., Johansson, M., Born, K. B., Lang, E., et al. (2022) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2022-008696 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Cundill, B., Mbakilwa, H., Chandler, C., Mtove, G. A., Mtei, F., Willetts, A., Foster, E., Muro, F. J., Mwinyishehe, R., Mandike, R., et al. (2015) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0346-z · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationHays, J. P., Mitsakakis, K., Luz, S. F., van Belkum, A., Becker, K., van den Bruel, A., Harbarth, S., Rex, J. H., Simonsen, G. S., Werner, G., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-019-03492-4 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Riley, C., Dellicour, S., Ouma, P., Kioko, U., ter Kuile, F. O., Omar, A. H., Kariuki, S., Buff, A. M., Desai, M. R., & Gutman, J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145616 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Poyer, S., Shewchuk, T., Tougher, S., Yé, Y., The ACTwatch Group, Mann, A. G., Willey, B., Thomson, R. M., Amuasi, J., Ren, R., et al. (2015) · Tropical Medicine & International Health · doi:10.1111/tmi.12491 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hutchinson, E., Reyburn, H., Hamlyn, E., Long, K., Meta, J., Mbakilwa, H., & Chandler, C. (2015) · Global Public Health · doi:10.1080/17441692.2015.1091025 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationFebir, L. G., Baiden, F., Agula, J., Delimini, R., Akpalu, B., Tivura, M., Amanfo, N., Chandramohan, D., Owusu‐Agyei, S., & Webster, J. (2015) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0699-y · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Pulford, J., Smith, I., Müeller, I., Siba, P. M., & Hetzel, M. W. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158780 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
DiLiberto, D., Staedke, S. G., Nankya, F., Maiteki‐Sebuguzi, C., Taaka, L., Nayiga, S., Kamya, M. R., Haaland, A., & Chandler, C. (2015) · Global Health Action · doi:10.3402/gha.v8.29067 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationMasunaga, Y., Jaiteh, F., Manneh, E., Balen, J., Okebe, J., D’Alessandro, U., Nieto-Sánchez, C., de Vries, D. H., Gerrets, R. P., Grietens, K. P., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.637714 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Umeano-Enemuoh, J. C., Uzochukwu, B. S. C., Ezumah, N., Mangham‐Jefferies, L., Wiseman, V. L., & Onwujekwe, O. E. (2015) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-015-1187-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Malaria and HIV among pediatric inpatients in two Tanzanian referral hospitals: A prospective study
Smart, L. R., Orgenes, N., Mazigo, H. D., Minde, M., Hokororo, A., Shakir, M., Verweij, J. J., Downs, J. A., & Peck, R. N. (2016) · Acta Tropica · doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.03.019 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Laktabai, J., Saran, I., Zhou, Y., Simmons, R., Turner, E. L., Visser, T., & O’Meara, W. P. (2020) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003378 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Bohle, L. F., Abdallah, A.-K., Galli, F., Canavan, R., & Molesworth, K. (2022) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/s12936-022-04244-0 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Appiah, R., Fadiji, A. W., Wissing, M. P., & Schutte, L. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22566 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Funduscopy in Cerebral Malaria Diagnosis: An International Survey of Practice Patterns
Swamy, L., Beare, N. A. V., Okonkwo, O. N., & Mahmoud, T. H. (2017) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0506 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Riley, C., Dellicour, S., Ouma, P., Kioko, U., Omar, A. H., Kariuki, S., Ng’ang’a, Z., Desai, M. R., Buff, A. M., & Gutman, J. (2018) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.17-0594 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Exploring the content and delivery of feedback facilitation co-interventions: a systematic review
Sykes, M. J., Rosenberg-Yunger, Z. R. S., Quigley, M., Gupta, L., Thomas, O., Robinson, L. J., Caulfield, K., Ivers, N. M., & Alderson, S. L. (2024) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-024-01365-9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chandler, C., Burchett, H., Boyle, L., Achonduh-Atijegbe, O. A., Mbonye, A. K., DiLiberto, D., Reyburn, H., Onwujekwe, O. E., Haaland, A., Roca‐Feltrer, A., et al. (2016) · Health Systems & Reform · doi:10.1080/23288604.2016.1179086 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationTong, W. T., Lee, Y. K., Ng, C. J., & Lee, P. Y. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310654 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Optimization of assembly instructions for a low-cost housing solution
Torres-Sánchez, C., Huang, C., & Steel, G. (2016) · Information Design Journal · doi:10.1075/idj.22.1.04tor · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pigs, people, pathogens : health and multispecies relations in central Uganda
Thompson, R. (2019) · ERA · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tong, W. T., Lee, Y. K., Ng, C. J., & Lee, P. Y. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3339576/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pradhan, E. (2017) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University)
Bohle, L. F., Abdallah, A.-K., Galli, F., Canavan, R., & Molesworth, K. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1389226/v1
Ribera, J. M. (2023) · Revista de Antropología Social · doi:10.5209/raso.91743
Bohle, L. F., Abdallah, A.-K., Galli, F., Canavan, R., & Molesworth, K. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20353555
- Authors
- Chandler, C. I. R., Meta, J., Ponzo, C., Nasuwa, F., Kessy, J., Mbakilwa, H., Haaland, A., & Reyburn, H.
- Affiliations
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (TZ)
- Ministry of Health (SC)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Chandler, Clare I R
- Venue
- Implementation Science
- Published
- 2014-06-26
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 83-83
- ISSN
- 1748-5908 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4227094
- OpenAlex
- W2132613714
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 10.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Implementation Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- malaria rapid diagnostic tests, behaviour change interventions, complex intervention design, prescribing patterns, artemisinin-based combination therapy, small group workshops, patient information leaflets, Tanzania
- MeSH terms
- Education, Humans, Malaria, Practice Patterns, Physicians', Reagent Kits, Diagnostic, Tanzania, Technology Transfer, Antimanic Agents
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
