Cited by 345Congenital Heart Disease StudiesCongenital heart defects researchCardiovascular Conditions and Treatments

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 43 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Tetralogy of Fallot

Open access
Bailliard, Frederique, Anderson, Robert H·2009·Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases

Abstract

Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital cardiac malformation that consists of an interventricular communication, also known as a ventricular septal defect, obstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract, override of the ventricular septum by the aortic root, and right ventricular hypertrophy. This combination of lesions occurs in 3 of every 10,000 live births, and accounts for 7-10% of all congenital cardiac malformations. Patients nowadays usually present as neonates, with cyanosis of varying intensity based on the degree of obstruction to flow of blood to the lungs. The aetiology is multifactorial, but reported associations include untreated maternal diabetes, phenylketonuria, and intake of retinoic acid. Associated chromosomal anomalies can include trisomies 21, 18, and 13, but recent experience points to the much more frequent association of microdeletions of chromosome 22. The risk of recurrence in families is 3%. Useful diagnostic tests are the chest radiograph, electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram. The echocardiogram establishes the definitive diagnosis, and usually provides sufficient information for planning of treatment, which is surgical. Approximately half of patients are now diagnosed antenatally. Differential diagnosis includes primary pulmonary causes of cyanosis, along with other cyanotic heart lesions, such as critical pulmonary stenosis and transposed arterial trunks. Neonates who present with ductal-dependent flow to the lungs will receive prostaglandins to maintain ductal patency until surgical intervention is performed. Initial intervention may be palliative, such as surgical creation of a systemic-to-pulmonary arterial shunt, but the trend in centres of excellence is increasingly towards neonatal complete repair. Centres that undertake neonatal palliation will perform the complete repair at the age of 4 to 6 months. Follow-up in patients born 30 years ago shows a rate of survival greater than 85%. Chronic issues that now face such adults include pulmonary regurgitation, recurrence of pulmonary stenosis, and ventricular arrhythmias. As the strategies for surgical and medical management have progressed, the morbidity and mortality of those born with tetralogy of Fallot in the current era is expected to be significantly improved.

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Perry LW, Neill CA, Ferencz C, EUROCAT Working Party on. Congenital Heart Disease: Perspective in Pediatric Cardiology. Epidemiology of congenital heart disease, the Baltimore-Washington Infant Study 1981–89 Armonk, NY: Futura; 1993:33-62.
  2. Paediatric Cardiology 2nd edition. Edited by: Anderson RH, Baker EJ, Macartney FJ. London: Churchill Livingstone; 2002:1213-1280.
  3. Pediatric ECG Interpretation. Edited by: Deal BJ, Johnsrude CL, Buck SH. Malden, Massachussetts: Blackwell Publishing; 2004:88-122.

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Metadata

Authors
Bailliard, F., & Anderson, R. H.
Affiliations
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
Venue
Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
Published
2009-01-13
Volume
4
Issue
1
Pages
2-2
ISSN
1750-1172 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3204567248
Cited by
345
References
42
Citations by year
2026: 27 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 12
FWCI
1.22
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Congenital Heart Disease Studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Congenital heart defects research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Cardiovascular Conditions and Treatments
Keywords
tetralogy of Fallot, congenital heart disease, ventricular septal defect, right ventricular outflow tract obstruction, cyanosis, prenatal diagnosis, echocardiography, neonatal palliation, prostaglandin E2, systemic-to-pulmonary shunt, pulmonary regurgitation, ventricular arrhythmias, adult congenital heart disease, Down syndrome, trisomy 18, trisomy 13, phenylketonuria, maternal diabetes, retinoic acid
MeSH terms
Adult, Genetic Counseling, Heart Defects, Congenital, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Prognosis, Tetralogy of Fallot, Ultrasonography

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