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The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: This is the second in a series of three articles documenting the geographical distribution of 41 dominant vector species (DVS) of human malaria. The first paper addressed the DVS of the Americas and the third will consider those of the Asian Pacific Region. Here, the DVS of Africa, Europe and the Middle East are discussed. The continent of Africa experiences the bulk of the global malaria burden due in part to the presence of the An. gambiae complex. Anopheles gambiae is one of four DVS within the An. gambiae complex, the others being An. arabiensis and the coastal An. merus and An. melas. There are a further three, highly anthropophilic DVS in Africa, An. funestus, An. moucheti and An. nili. Conversely, across Europe and the Middle East, malaria transmission is low and frequently absent, despite the presence of six DVS. To help control malaria in Africa and the Middle East, or to identify the risk of its re-emergence in Europe, the contemporary distribution and bionomics of the relevant DVS are needed. RESULTS: A contemporary database of occurrence data, compiled from the formal literature and other relevant resources, resulted in the collation of information for seven DVS from 44 countries in Africa containing 4234 geo-referenced, independent sites. In Europe and the Middle East, six DVS were identified from 2784 geo-referenced sites across 49 countries. These occurrence data were combined with expert opinion ranges and a suite of environmental and climatic variables of relevance to anopheline ecology to produce predictive distribution maps using the Boosted Regression Tree (BRT) method. CONCLUSIONS: The predicted geographic extent for the following DVS (or species/suspected species complex*) is provided for Africa: Anopheles (Cellia) arabiensis, An. (Cel.) funestus*, An. (Cel.) gambiae, An. (Cel.) melas, An. (Cel.) merus, An. (Cel.) moucheti and An. (Cel.) nili*, and in the European and Middle Eastern Region: An. (Anopheles) atroparvus, An. (Ano.) labranchiae, An. (Ano.) messeae, An. (Ano.) sacharovi, An. (Cel.) sergentii and An. (Cel.) superpictus*. These maps are presented alongside a bionomics summary for each species relevant to its control.
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![Figure 1 Map details: The predicted distribution of An. gambiae mapped using hybrid data (1443 occurrence data plus 500 pseudo-presences weighted at half that of the occurrence data and randomly selected from within the Expert Opinion (EO) range). Pseudo-absences (14430) were generated at a ratio of 10:1 absence to presence points, and were randomly selected from within the 1500 km buffer surrounding the EO (EO shown in the inset map). Predictions are not shown beyond the buffer boundary. The black dots show the 1443 occurrence records for An. gambiae. Map statistics: Deviance = 0.114, Correlation = 0.9195, Discrimination (AUC) = 0.989, Kappa = 0.9003. Environmental variables: 1. Prec (mean), 2. Prec (max), 3. DEM, 4. Prec (A2) 5. LST (min), (Please see Additional file 2 for abbreviations and definitions). Copyright: Licensed to the Malaria Atlas Project [64] under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. Citation: Sinka et al. (2010) The dominant Anopheles vectors of human malaria in Africa, Europe and the Middle East: occurrence data, distribution maps and bionomic précis, Parasites & Vectors 2010, 3:117.](/paper-figures/862449893eaa439aac95489099da9652/the-dominant-anopheles-vectors-of-human-malaria-in-africa-europe-and-the-middle-figure-1.jpg)
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“An. arabiensis typically inhabit arid savannah landscapes and are often absent in field collections of adult or larval mosquitoes in the humid rainforest zone of southern Nigeria [48].”
From Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria (2024) · cites this paper as [48]
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“Contrary to their choice of clean water bodies (see review by [48, 57], An. arabiensis larvae occurred in polluted water in drainages in Agbor-Obi.”
From Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria (2024) · cites this paper as [48]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sinka, M. E., Bangs, M. J., Manguin, S., Coetzee, M., Mbogo, C. M., Hemingway, J., Patil, A. P., Temperley, W. H., Gething, P. W., Kabaria, C. W., Okara, R. M., Van Boeckel, T., Godfray, H. C. J., Harbach, R. E., & Hay, S. I.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Université de Montpellier (FR)
- National Health Laboratory Service (ZA)
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (KE)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Kenyatta National Hospital (KE)
- Natural History Museum (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Sinka, Marianne E
- Hay, Simon I
- ORCID
- Venue
- Parasites & Vectors
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 117-117
- ISSN
- 1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3016360
- OpenAlex
- W2166231658
- Cited by
- 761
- References
- 350
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 59 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 46 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 27.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (083534, 079080, 079091)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecological Modeling › Species Distribution and Climate Change
- Keywords
- malaria vectors, Anopheles, geographic distribution, Anopheles gambiae s.l., Anopheles funestus, Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles melas, Anopheles merus, Anopheles moucheti, Anopheles nili, Anopheles atroparvus, Anopheles labranchiae, Anopheles messeae, Anopheles sacharovi, Anopheles sergentii, Anopheles superpictus, bionomics
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