Topography as a modifier of breeding habitats and concurrent vulnerability to malaria risk in the western Kenya highlands

Atieli, Harrysone E; Zhou, Guofa; Lee, Ming-Chieh; Kweka, Eliningaya J; Afrane, Yaw; Mwanzo, Isaac; Githeko, Andrew K; Yan, Guiyun

doi:10.1186/1756-3305-4-241

Cited by 82Malaria Research and ControlMosquito-borne diseases and controlBird parasitology and diseases

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Topography as a modifier of breeding habitats and concurrent vulnerability to malaria risk in the western Kenya highlands

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Atieli, Harrysone E, Zhou, Guofa, Lee, Ming-Chieh, Kweka, Eliningaya J, Afrane, Yaw, Mwanzo, Isaac, Githeko, Andrew K, Yan, Guiyun·2011·Parasites & Vectors

DOI 10.1186/1756-3305-4-241PMC PMC3269397

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Topographic parameters such as elevation, slope, aspect, and ruggedness play an important role in malaria transmission in the highland areas. They affect biological systems, such as larval habitats presence and productivity for malaria mosquitoes. This study investigated whether the distribution of local spatial malaria vectors and risk of infection with malaria parasites in the highlands is related to topography. METHODS: Four villages each measuring 9 Km2 lying between 1400-1700 m above sea level in the western Kenya highlands were categorized into a pair of broad and narrow valley shaped terrain sites. Larval, indoor resting adult malaria vectors and infection surveys were collected originating from the valley bottom and ending at the hilltop on both sides of the valley during the rainy and dry seasons. Data collected at a distance of ≤ 500 m from the main river/stream were categorized as valley bottom and those above as uphill. Larval surveys were categorized by habitat location while vectors and infections by house location. RESULTS: Overall, broad flat bottomed valleys had a significantly higher number of anopheles larvae/dip in their habitats than in narrow valleys during both the dry (1.89 versus 0.89 larvae/dip) and the rainy season (1.66 versus 0.89 larvae/dip). Similarly, vector adult densities/house in broad valley villages were higher than those within narrow valley houses during both the dry (0.64 versus 0.40) and the rainy season (0.96 versus 0.09). Asymptomatic malaria prevalence was significantly higher in participants residing within broad than those in narrow valley villages during the dry (14.55% vs. 7.48%) and rainy (17.15% vs. 1.20%) season. Malaria infections were wide spread in broad valley villages during both the dry and rainy season, whereas over 65% of infections were clustered at the valley bottom in narrow valley villages during both seasons. CONCLUSION: Despite being in the highlands, local areas within low gradient topography characterized by broad valley bottoms have stable and significantly high malaria risk unlike those with steep gradient topography, which exhibit seasonal variations. Topographic parameters could therefore be considered in identification of high-risk malaria foci to help enhance surveillance or targeted control activities in regions where they are most needed.

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Water bodies are more stable for mosquito breeding activities in lowlands.
“water bodies are more stable for mosquito breeding activities in lowlands.”
From Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria (2024) · cites this paper as [41]

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Database Creation, Management, and Analysis
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Preface
Steckel, R. H., Larsen, C. S., Roberts, C. A., & Baten, J. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108379830.002
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Index
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Additional file 5 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
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Additional file 4 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
Ebhodaghe, F. I., Sánchez-Vargas, I., Isaac, C., Foy, B. D., & Hemming‐Schroeder, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26686158
Additional file 3 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
Ebhodaghe, F. I., Sánchez-Vargas, I., Isaac, C., Foy, B. D., & Hemming‐Schroeder, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26686155
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Additional file 7 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
Ebhodaghe, F. I., Sánchez-Vargas, I., Isaac, C., Foy, B. D., & Hemming‐Schroeder, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26686167
Additional file 8 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
Ebhodaghe, F. I., Sánchez-Vargas, I., Isaac, C., Foy, B. D., & Hemming‐Schroeder, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26686170
Additional file 2 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
Ebhodaghe, F. I., Sánchez-Vargas, I., Isaac, C., Foy, B. D., & Hemming‐Schroeder, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26686152
Additional file 1 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
Ebhodaghe, F. I., Sánchez-Vargas, I., Isaac, C., Foy, B. D., & Hemming‐Schroeder, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26686149
Additional file 6 of Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria
Ebhodaghe, F. I., Sánchez-Vargas, I., Isaac, C., Foy, B. D., & Hemming‐Schroeder, E. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26686164
Additional file 1 of Malaria attributable fractions with changing transmission intensity: Bayesian latent class vs logistic models
Mwai, K., Nkumama, I. N., Thairu, A., Mburu, J., Odera, D., Kimathi, R., Nyamako, L., Tuju, J., Kinyanjui, S., Musenge, E., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21546664
Additional file 1 of Malaria transmission heterogeneity in different eco-epidemiological areas of western Kenya: a region-wide observational and risk classification study for adaptive intervention planning
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Authors: Atieli, H. E., Zhou, G., Lee, M.-C., Kweka, E. J., Afrane, Y., Mwanzo, I., Githeko, A. K., & Yan, G.
Affiliations: Kenyatta University (KE)
University of California, Irvine (US)
Kenya Medical Research Institute (KE)
Corresponding author: Atieli, Harrysone E
ORCID: Atieli, Harrysone E
Zhou, Guofa
Lee, Ming-Chieh
Kweka, Eliningaya J
Afrane, Yaw
Mwanzo, Isaac
Yan, Guiyun
Venue: Parasites & Vectors
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2011-12
Volume: 4
Issue: 1
Pages: 241-241
ISSN: 1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-241
PMC: PMC3269397
OpenAlex: W2128926918
Cited by: 81
References: 27
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 2.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 (tdm)
Locations: Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Kenyatta University Institutional Repository (Kenyatta University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (R01A1050243)
U.S. Public Health Service (R01 A1050243)
Fogarty International Center (D43TW001505)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Bird parasitology and diseases
Keywords: malaria, topography, breeding habitat, Anopheles, malaria vectors, larval habitat, valley bottoms, malaria risk, seasonal variation, western Kenya highlands, malaria surveillance
MeSH terms: Altitude, Animals, Anopheles, Humans, Insect Vectors, Kenya, Malaria, Seasons, Ecosystem

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Topography as a modifier of breeding habitats and concurrent vulnerability to malaria risk in the western Kenya highlands

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