CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 55Malaria Research and ControlMosquito-borne diseases and controlDengue and Mosquito Control Research

Habitat Hydrology and Geomorphology Control the Distribution of Malaria Vector Larvae in Rural Africa

Open access
Hardy, Andrew J., Gamarra, Javier G. P., Cross, Dónall E., Macklin, Mark G., Smith, Mark W., Kihonda, Japhet, Killeen, Gerry F., Ling’ala, George N., Thomas, Chris J.·2013·PLoS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0081931PMC PMC3849348
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Larval source management is a promising component of integrated malaria control and elimination. This requires development of a framework to target productive locations through process-based understanding of habitat hydrology and geomorphology. METHODS: We conducted the first catchment scale study of fine resolution spatial and temporal variation in Anopheles habitat and productivity in relation to rainfall, hydrology and geomorphology for a high malaria transmission area of Tanzania. RESULTS: Monthly aggregates of rainfall, river stage and water table were not significantly related to the abundance of vector larvae. However, these metrics showed strong explanatory power to predict mosquito larval abundances after stratification by water body type, with a clear seasonal trend for each, defined on the basis of its geomorphological setting and origin. CONCLUSION: Hydrological and geomorphological processes governing the availability and productivity of Anopheles breeding habitat need to be understood at the local scale for which larval source management is implemented in order to effectively target larval source interventions. Mapping and monitoring these processes is a well-established practice providing a tractable way forward for developing important malaria management tools.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pone.0081931

Cites

6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Diversity in habitat characteristics engenders the breeding of different species and complicates the pattern of adult mosquito density and malaria transmission intensity.

    “This diversity in habitat characteristics engenders the breeding of different species and complicates the pattern of adult mosquito density and malaria transmission intensity (Frake et al., 2020; Hardy et al., 2013; Munga et al., 2006).”

    From Investigating the Impact of Irrigation on Malaria Vector Larval Habitats and Transmission Using a Hydrology‐Based Model (2023) · cites this paper as Hardy et al., 2013

    The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that hydrology and geomorphology explain variation in vector larval abundance among habitat types, and the Results (page unavailable) show habitat-specific differences for An. arabiensis larvae. The paper identifies several larval species, but does not establish that different habitat characteristics cause different species to breed or that this diversity complicates adult mosquito density and malaria transmission intensity; those outcomes were not measured here. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Rivers with high flow rates were not considered because Anopheles larvae have a lower chance of surviving in fast-moving water.

    “Rivers with high flow rates were not considered since Anopheles larvae have a lower chance of surviving in fast‐moving water (Hardy et al., 2013).”

    From Investigating the Impact of Irrigation on Malaria Vector Larval Habitats and Transmission Using a Hydrology‐Based Model (2023) · cites this paper as Hardy et al., 2013

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 71

  1. [1]Ferguson HM, Domhaus A, Beeche A, Borgemeister C, Gottlieb M et al. (2010) Ecology: a prerequisite for malaria elimination and eradication. PLoS Med 7: 1- 7. PubMed: 20689800. PMC2914634 20689800
  2. [3]Gouagna LC, Rakotondranary M, Boyer S, Lemperiere G, Dehecq JS et al. (2012) Abiotic and biotic factors associated with the presence of Anopheles arabiensis immatures and their abundance in naturally occurring and man-made aquatic habitats. Parasites and Vectors 5. PMC3461495 22608179
  3. [4]Imbahale SS, Githeko A, Mukabana WR, Takken W (2012) Integrated mosquito larval source management reduces larval numbers in two highland villages in western Kenya. BMC Public Health 12: 362-. PubMed: 22607227. 22607227 PMC3433356
  4. [5]Zhou G, Munga S, Minakawa N, Githeko AK, Yan G (2007) Spatial relationship between adult malaria vector abundance and environmental factors in western Kenya highlands. Am J Trop Med Hyg 77: 29- 35. PubMed: 17620627. 17620627
  5. [6]Killeen GF, Seyoum AK, Knols BGJ (2004) Rationalizing Historical successes of malaria control in Africa in terms of mosquito resource availabilty management. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 71: 87- 93. 15331823
  6. [7]Fillinger U, Lindsay SW (2006) Suppression of exposure to malaria vectors by an order of magnitude using microbial larvicides in rural Kenya. Trop Med Int Health 11: 1629- 1642. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2006.01733.x. PubMed: 17054742. 17054742 · DOI
  7. [8]Killeen GF (2013) A second chance to tackle African malaria vector mosquitoes that avoid houses and don't take drugs. Am J Trop Med Hyg 88: 809- 816. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.13-0065. PubMed: 23589532. 23589532 PMC3752742 · DOI
  8. [9]Gu W, Utzinger J, Novak RJ (2008) Habitat-based larval interventions: a new perspective for malaria control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 78: 2- 6. PubMed: 18187774. 18187774
  9. [10]Kweka EJ, Zhou GF, Lee MC, Gilbreath TM, Mosha F et al. (2011) Evaluation of two methods of estimating larval habitat productivity in western Kenya highlands. Parasit Vectors 4: 110-. PubMed: 21682875. 21682875 PMC3138440
  10. [11]Mutuku FM, Alaii JA, Bayoh MN, Gimnig JE, Vulule JM et al. (2006) Distribution, description, and local knowledge of larval habitats of Anopheles Gambiae s.l. in a village in Western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 44- 53. PubMed: 16407345. 16407345
  11. [12]Clark TD, Greenhouse B, Njama-Meya D, Nzarubara B, Maiteki-Sebuguzi C et al. (2008) Factors determining the heterogeneity of malaria incidence in children in Kampala, Uganda. J Infect Dis 198: 393- 400. doi: 10.1086/589778. PubMed: 18522503. 18522503 · DOI · Paper page
  12. [13]Killeen GF, Tanner M, Mukabana WR, Kalongolela MS, Kannady K et al. (2006) Habitat targeting for controlling aquatic stages of malaria vectors in Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 74: 517- 518. PubMed: 16606973. 16606973
  13. [14]Smith MW, Macklin MG, Thomas CJ (2013) Hydrological and geomorphological controls of malaria transmission. Earth Science Reviews 116: 109- 127. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.11.004. · DOI
  14. [15]Githeko AK, Ototo EN, Yan GY (2012) Progress towards understanding the ecology and epidemiology of malaria in the western Kenya highlands: Opportunities and challenges for control under climate change risk. Acta Trop 121: 19- 25. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.10.002. PubMed: 22015426. 22015426 PMC3298846 · DOI
  15. [16]Cohen J, Ernst C, Lindblade K, Vulule J, John C et al. (2010) Local topographic wetness indices predict household malaria risk better than land-use and land-cover in the western Kenya highlands. Malar J 9: 1- 10. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-S1-S1. PubMed: 20043863. 21080943 PMC2993734 · DOI
  16. [17]Zhang Y, Bi P, Hiller JE (2008) Climate change and the transmission of vector-borne diseases: a review. Asia Pac J Public Health 20: 64- 76. doi: 10.1177/1010539507308385. PubMed: 19124300. 19124300 · DOI
  17. [18]Thomas CJ (2004) Malaria: a changed climate in Africa? Nature 427: 690- 691. doi: 10.1038/427690b. PubMed: 14973466. 14973466 · DOI
  18. [19]Mordecai EA, Paaijmans KP, Johnson LR, Balzer C, Ben-Horin T et al. (2013) Optimal temperature for malaria transmission is dramatically lower than previously predicted. Ecol Lett 16: 22- 30. doi: 10.1111/ele.12015. PubMed: 23050931. 23050931 · DOI · Paper page
  19. [20]Paaijmans KP, Blanford S, Bell AS, Blanford JI, Read AF et al. (2010) Influence of climate on malaria transmission depends on daily temperature variation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107: 15135- 15139. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1006422107. PubMed: 20696913. 20696913 PMC2930540 · DOI · Paper page
  20. [21]Paaijmans KP, Read AF, Thomas MB (2009) Understanding the link between malaria risk and climate. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106: 13844- 13849. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0903423106. PubMed: 19666598. 19666598 PMC2720408 · DOI
  21. [22]Small J, Goetz SJ, Hay SI (2003) Climatic suitability for malaria transmission in Africa, 1911–1995. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 100: 15341- 15345. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2236969100. 14663146 PMC307569 · DOI
  22. [23]Fillinger U, Sombroek H, Majambere S, Van Loon E, Takken W et al. (2009) Identifying the most productive breeding sites for malaria mosquitoes in The Gambia. Malar J 8: 62. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-62. PubMed: 19361337. 19361337 PMC2674466 · DOI
  23. [24]Majambere S, Lindsay SW, Green C, Kandeh B, Fillinger U (2007) Microbial larvicides for malaria control in The Gambia. Malar J 6: 76. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-6-76. PubMed: 17555570. 17555570 PMC1899511 · DOI
  24. [25]Do Manh C, Beebe NW, Van Nguyen Thi Van TL, Quang CTL, Van Nguyen D, et al. (2010) Vectors and malaria transmission in deforested, rural communities in north-central Vietnam. Malaria Journal 9: 259. 20846447 PMC2945362
  25. [26]Magalhães RJ, Langa A, Sousa-Figueiredo JC, Clements AC, Nery SV (2012) Finding malaria hot-spots in northern Angola: the role of individual, household and environmental factors within a meso-endemic area. Malar J 11: 1- 12. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-11-S1-P1. PubMed: 22212246. 23173636 PMC3519509 · DOI
  26. [27]Bøgh C, Lindsay SW, Clarke SE, Dean A, Jawara M et al. (2007) High spatial resolution mapping of malaria transmission risk in the Gambia, West Africa, using Landsat TM satellite imagery. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76: 875- 881. PubMed: 17488908. 17488908
  27. [28]Ageep TB, Cox J, M'oawia MH, Knols BGJ, Benedict MQ et al. (2009) Spatial and temporal distribution of the malaria mosquito Anopheles arabiensis in northern Sudan: influence of environmental factors and implications for vector control. Malar J 8: 123. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-123. PubMed: 19500425. 19500425 PMC2698915 · DOI
  28. [29]Oesterholt MJ, Bousema JT, Mwerinde OK, Harris C, Lushino P et al. (2006) Spatial and temporal variation in malaria transmission in a low endemicity area in northern Tanzania. Malar J 5: 98. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-5-98. PubMed: 17081311. 17081311 PMC1635725 · DOI · Paper page
  29. [30]Thomson MC, Mason SJ, Phindela T, Connor SJ (2005) Use of rainfall and sea surface temperature monitoring for malaria early warning in Botswana. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 214- 221. PubMed: 16014862. 16014862
  30. [31]Paaijmans KP, Wandago MO, Githeko AK, Takken W (2007) Unexpected high losses of Anopheles gambiae larvae due to rainfall. PLOS ONE 2: e1146. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001146. PubMed: 17987125. 17987125 PMC2063461 · DOI · Paper page
  31. [32]Balls MJ, Bødker R, Thomas CJ, Kisinza W, Msangeni HA et al. (2004) Effect of topography on the risk of malaria infection in the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98: 400- 408. doi: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2003.11.005. PubMed: 15138076. 15138076 · DOI
  32. [34]Shaman J, Stieglitz M, Stark C, Le Blancq S, Cane M (2002) Using a dynamic hydrology model to predict mosquito abundances in flood and swamp water. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 6- 13. PubMed: 11749741. 11749741 PMC2730265
  33. [35]Charlwood JD, Vij R, Billingsley PF (2000) Dry season refugia of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes in a dry savannah zone of East Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 726- 732. PubMed: 11304064. 11304064
  34. [36]Temple P, Sundborg A (1972) The Rufiji River, Tanzania hydrology and sediment transport. Geografiska Annaler 54: 345- 368. doi: 10.2307/520773. · DOI
  35. [37]Charlwood JD, Kihonda J, Sama S, Billingsley PF, Hadji H et al. (1995) The rise and fall of Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) in a Tanzanian village. Bulletin of Entomological Research 85: 37- 44. doi: 10.1017/S0007485300051993. · DOI
  36. [38]Killeen GF, Tami A, Kihonda J, Okumu, Kotas M, et al. (2007) Cost-sharing strategies combining targeted public subsidies with private-sector delivery achieve high bednet coverage and reduced malaria transmission in Kilombero Valley, southern Tanzania. BMC Infectious Diseases 7. PMC2211306 17961211
  37. [40]Sinka ME, Bangs MJ, Manguin S, Rubio-Palis Y, Chareonviriyaphap T et al. (2012) A global map of dominant malaria vectors. Parasites and Vectors 5: 1- 11. 22475528 PMC3349467
  38. [41]Russell TL, Lwetoijera D, Maliti D, Chipwaza B, Kihonda J et al. (2010) Impact of promoting longer-lasting insecticide treatment of bed nets upon malaria transmission in a rural Tanzanian setting with pre-existing high coverage of untreated nets. Malaria Journal 9. PMC2902500 20579399
  39. [42]Charlwood J, Smith T, Kihonda J, Billingsley P, Takken W (1995) Density independent feeding success of malaria vectors (Diptera: Culicidae) in Tanzania. Bulletin of Entomological Research 85: 29- 36. doi: 10.1017/S0007485300051981. · DOI
  40. [43]Haji H, Smith T, Charlwood JD, Meuwissen JH (1996) Absence of relationships between selected human factors and natural infectivity of Plasmodium falciparum to mosquitoes in an area of high transmission. Parasitology 113: 425- 432. doi: 10.1017/S0031182000081488. PubMed: 8893528. 8893528 · DOI
  41. [44]Bracken LJ, Cox NJ, Shannon J (2008) The relationship between rainfall inputs and flood generation in south–east Spain. Hydrological Processes 22: 683- 696. doi: 10.1002/hyp.6641. · DOI
  42. [45]Minakawa N, Seda P, Yan G (2002) Influence of host and larval habitat distribution on the abundance of African malaria vectors in western Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 67: 32- 38. PubMed: 12363061. 12363061
  43. [46]Minakawa N, Munga S, Atieli F, Mushinzimana E, Zhou G et al. (2005) Spatial distribution of anopheline larval habitats in Western Kenyan highlands: effects of land cover types and topography. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73: 157- 165. PubMed: 16014851. 16014851
  44. [48]Mushinzimana E, Munga S, Minakawa N, Li L, Feng C-c et al. (2006) Landscape determinants and remote sensing of anopheline mosquito larval habitats in the western Kenya highlands. Malar J 5: 1- 11. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-5-1. PubMed: 16420686. 16480523 PMC1420309 · DOI
  45. [49]Nmor JC, Sunahara T, Goto K, Futami K, Sonye G et al. (2013) Topographic models for predicting malaria vector breeding habitats: potential tools for vector control managers. Parasit Vectors 6: 14 PubMed: 23324389. 23324389 PMC3617103
  46. [50]Amerasinghe PH, Amerasinghe FP, Konradsen F, Fonseka KT, Wirtz RA (1999) Malaria vectors in a traditional dry zone village in Sri Lanka. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60: 421- 429. PubMed: 10466971. 10466971
  47. [51]Van Der Hoek W, Konradsen F, Amerasinghe PH, Perera D, Piyaratne MK et al. (2003) Towards a risk map of malaria for Sri Lanka: the importance of house location relative to vector breeding sites. Int J Epidemiol 32: 280- 285. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyg055. PubMed: 12714550. 12714550 · DOI
  48. [52]Mala AO, Irungu LW, Shililu JI, Muturi EJ, Mbogo CC et al. (2011) Dry season ecology of Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes at larval habitats in two traditionally semi-arid villages in Baringo, Kenya. Parasit Vectors 4: 1- 11. PubMed: 21352608. 21352608 PMC3060147
  49. [57]Costantini C, Li SG, Torre AD, Sagnon NF, Coluzzi M et al. (1996) Density, survival and dispersal of Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes in a West African Sudan savanna village. Med Vet Entomol 10: 203- 219. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.1996.tb00733.x. PubMed: 8887330. 8887330 · DOI
  50. [58]Mwangangi JM, Shililu J, Muturi EJ, Muriu S, Jacob B et al. (2010) Anopheles larval abundance and diversity in three rice agro-village complexes Mwea irrigation scheme, central Kenya. Malar J 9: 228. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-9-228. PubMed: 20691120. 20691120 PMC2927610 · DOI
  51. [59]Scott JA, Brogdon WG, Collins FH (1993) Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49: 520– 529. PubMed: 8214283. 8214283
  52. [60]Koekemoer LL, Kamau L, Hunt RH, Coetzee M (2002) A cocktail polymerase chain reaction assay to identify members of the Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) group. Am J Trop Med Hyg 66: 804- 811. PubMed: 12224596. 12224596
  53. [61]Bayoh MN, Akhwale W, Ombok M, Sang D, Engoki SC et al. (2011) Malaria in Kakuma refugee camp, Turkana, Kenya: facilitation of Anopheles arabiensis vector populations by installed water distribution and catchment systems. Malar J 10: 149. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-10-149. PubMed: 21639926. 21639926 PMC3130698 · DOI
  54. [62]Dongus S, Nyika D, Kannady K, Mtasiwa D, Mshinda H et al. (2009) Urban agriculture and Anopheles habitats in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Geospat Health 3: 189- 210. PubMed: 19440962. 19440962
  55. [63]Ndenga BA, Simbauni JA, Mbugi JP, Githeko AK (2012) Physical, Chemical and Biological Characteristics in Habitats of High and Low Presence of Anopheline Larvae in Western Kenya Highlands. PLOS ONE 7: e47975. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047975. PubMed: 23110145. 23110145 PMC3479127 · DOI
  56. [64]Halekoh U, Højsgaard S, Yan J (2006) The R package geepack for generalized estimating equations. Journal of Statistical Software 15: 1- 11.
  57. [67]Zou GY (2008) On the estimation of additive interaction by use of the four-by-two table and beyond. Am J Epidemiol 168: 212- 224. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwn104. PubMed: 18511428. 18511428 · DOI · Paper page
  58. [68]Smith T, Charlwood JD, Takken W, Tanner M, Spiegelhalter DJ (1995) Mapping the densities of malaria vectors within a single village. Acta Trop 59: 1- 18. doi: 10.1016/0001-706X(94)00082-C. PubMed: 7785522. 7785522 · DOI
  59. [69]Kiware SS, Chitnis N, Moore SJ, Devine GJ, Majambere S et al. (2012) Simplified models of vector control impact upon malaria transmission by zoophagic mosquitoes. PLOS ONE 7: e37661. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037661. PubMed: 22701527. 22701527 PMC3365128 · DOI
  60. [70]Kitau J, Oxborough RM, Tungu PK, Matowo J, Malima RC et al. (2012) Species shifts in the Anopheles gambiae complex: do LLINs successfully control Anopheles arabiensis? PLOS ONE 7: e31481. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031481. PubMed: 22438864. 22438864 PMC3306310 · DOI
  61. [71]Okumu FO, Mbeyela E, Lingamba G, Moore J, Ntamatungiro AJ et al. (2013) Comparative field evaluation of combinations of long-lasting insecticide treated nets and indoor residual spraying, relative to either method alone, for malaria prevention in an area where the main vector is Anopheles arabiensis. Parasites and Vectors 6: 46. 23433393 PMC3606331
  62. [72]Govella NJ, Chaki PP, Killeen GF (2013) Entomological surveillance of behavioural resilience and resistance in residual malaria vector populations. Malar J 12: 124. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-124. PubMed: 23577656. 23577656 PMC3637503 · DOI
  63. [73]Kiszewski A, Mellinger A, Spielman A, Malaney P, Sachs SE et al. (2004) A global index representing the stability of malaria transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg 70: 486- 498. PubMed: 15155980. 15155980
  64. [74]Gimnig JE, Ombok M, Kamau L, Hawley WA (2001) Characteristics of larval anopheline (Diptera: Culicidae) habitats in Western Kenya. J Med Entomol 38: 282- 288. doi: 10.1603/0022-2585-38.2.282. PubMed: 11296836. 11296836 · DOI · Paper page
  65. [75]Tuno N, Githeko A, Yan G, Takagi M (2007) Interspecific variation in diving activity among Anopheles gambiae Giles, An. arabiensis Patton, and An. funestus Giles (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. Journal of Vector Ecology 32: 112- 117. 17633431
  66. [76]Jacob BG, Arheart KL, Griffith DA, Mbogo CM, Githeko AK et al. (2005) Evaluation of environmental data for identification of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) aquatic larval habitats in Kisumu and Malindi, Kenya. J Med Entomol 42: 751– 755. Available online at: doi:10.1603/0022-2585(2005)042[0751:EOEDFI]2.0.CO; 2. PubMed: 16365996 16365996 PMC2673498 · DOI
  67. [77]Dukeen MY, Omer S (1986) Ecology of the malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis Patton(Diptera: Culicidae) by the Nile in northern Sudan. Bulletin of Entomological Research 76: 451- 467. doi: 10.1017/S0007485300014942. · DOI
  68. [78]Shousha AT (1948) Species-eradication: The Eradication of Anopheles gambiae from Upper Egypt, 1942-1945. Bull World Health Organ 1: 309– 352. PubMed: 20603927. 20603927 PMC2553915
  69. [79]Himeidan YE, Elzaki MM, Kweka EJ, Ibrahim M, Elhassan IM (2011) Pattern of malaria transmission along the Rahad River basin, Eastern Sudan. Parasit Vectors 4: 1- 9. PubMed: 21679459. 21679459 PMC3128851
  70. [80]Craig M, Snow R, Le Sueur D (1999) A climate-based distribution model of malaria transmission in sub-Saharan. Africa - Parasitology Today 15: 105- 111. doi: 10.1016/S0169-4758(99)01396-4. 10322323 · DOI · Paper page
  71. [81]Hoshen MB, Morse AP (2004) A weather-driven model of malaria transmission. Malar J 3: 32. doi: 10.1186/1475-2875-3-32. PubMed: 15350206. 15350206 PMC520827 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Hardy, A. J., Gamarra, J. G. P., Cross, D. E., Macklin, M. G., Smith, M. W., Kihonda, J., Killeen, G. F., Ling’ala, G. N., & Thomas, C. J.
Affiliations
  • Ifakara Health Institute (TZ)
  • Aberystwyth University (GB)
  • University of Leeds (GB)
Corresponding author
Thomas, Chris J.
ORCID
Venue
PLoS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2013-12-03
Volume
8
Issue
12
Pages
e81931
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0081931
PMC
PMC3849348
OpenAlex
W2154534964
Cited by
55
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3
FWCI
2.73
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • LSTM Online Archive (Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
  • Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln) (acceptedVersion)
  • White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
  • IHI Repository (acceptedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln) (submittedVersion)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • U.S. Public Health Service (NE/H022740/1)
  • Natural Environment Research Council (NE/H022740/1)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Dengue and Mosquito Control Research
Keywords
Anopheles, larval source management, breeding habitat, geomorphology, rainfall, river levels, water table, seasonal variation, water body type, integrated malaria control, Tanzania
MeSH terms
Africa, Animals, Anopheles, Larva, Malaria, Mosquito Control, Rain, Rural Population, Ecosystem, Rivers, Hydrology

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review