Acute neuro-endocrine profile and prediction of outcome after severe brain injury
Open accessAbstract
OBJECT: The aim of the study was to evaluate the early changes in pituitary hormone levels after severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) and compare hormone levels to basic neuro-intensive care data, a systematic scoring of the CT-findings and to evaluate whether hormone changes are related to outcome. METHODS: Prospective study, including consecutive patients, 15-70 years, with sTBI, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score ≤ 8, initial cerebral perfusion pressure > 10 mm Hg, and arrival to our level one trauma university hospital within 24 hours after head trauma (n = 48). Serum samples were collected in the morning (08-10 am) day 1 and day 4 after sTBI for analysis of cortisol, growth hormone (GH), prolactin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) (men). Serum for cortisol and GH was also obtained in the evening (17-19 pm) at day 1 and day 4. The first CT of the brain was classified according to Marshall. Independent staff evaluated outcome at 3 months using GOS-E. RESULTS: Profound changes were found for most pituitary-dependent hormones in the acute phase after sTBI, i.e. low levels of thyroid hormones, strong suppression of the pituitary-gonadal axis and increased levels of prolactin. The main findings of this study were: 1) A large proportion (54% day 1 and 70% day 4) of the patients showed morning s-cortisol levels below the proposed cut-off levels for critical illness related corticosteroid insufficiency (CIRCI), i.e. <276 nmol/L (=10 ug/dL), 2) Low s-cortisol was not associated with higher mortality or worse outcome at 3 months, 3) There was a significant association between early (day 1) and strong suppression of the pituitary-gonadal axis and improved survival and favorable functional outcome 3 months after sTBI, 4) Significantly lower levels of fT3 and TSH at day 4 in patients with a poor outcome at 3 months. 5) A higher Marshall CT score was associated with higher day 1 LH/FSH- and lower day 4 TSH levels 6) In general no significant correlation between GCS, ICP or CPP and hormone levels were detected. Only ICPmax and LH day 1 in men was significantly correlated. CONCLUSION: Profound dynamic changes in hormone levels are found in the acute phase of sTBI. This is consistent with previous findings in different groups of critically ill patients, most of which are likely to be attributed to physiological adaptation to acute illness. Low cortisol levels were a common finding, and not associated with unfavorable outcome. A retained ability to a dynamic hormonal response, i.e. fast and strong suppression of the pituitary-gonadal axis (day 1) and ability to restore activity in the pituitary-thyroid axis (day 4) was associated with less severe injury according to CT-findings and favorable outcome.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Two recent studies suggested high rates (52%-78%) of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction within the first 10 days after injury.
“Two recent studies have suggested high rates (52%–78%) of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis dysfunction within the first 10 days after injury”
From The screening and management of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury in adults: British Neurotrauma Group guidance (2017) · cites this paper as [48]
The Results (Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; page unavailable) report low cortisol in 52.3% of patients on day 1 and up to 70.5% on day 4 after severe traumatic brain injury, supporting a high rate of possible adrenal insufficiency early after injury. The paper does not report a 78% rate or identify two studies yielding the stated 52%–78% range; its Discussion also cautions that strict diagnostic criteria for cortisol insufficiency are lacking. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Baker, S. P., O’Neill, B., Haddon, W. F., & Long, W. B. (1974) · PubMed · Cited by 7,946 · see citing works
Baker, S. P., O’Neill, B., Haddon, W. F., & Long, W. B. (1974) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/00005373-197403000-00001 · Cited by 7,326 · see citing works
A Critical Evaluation of Simple Methods for the Estimation of Free Testosterone in Serum
Vermeulen, A., Verdonck, L., & Kaufman, J. M. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.10.6079 · Cited by 3,824 · see citing works
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM
Hoskins, R. G. (1953) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-13-4-473 · Cited by 3,806 · see citing works
Safar, P. J., & Grenvik, A. N. A. (1971) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.59.5.535 · Cited by 1,995 · see citing works
Increased mortality associated with growth hormone treatment in critically ill adults
Takala, J., Ruokonen, E., Webster, N. R., Nielsen, M. S., Zandstra, D. F., Vundelinckx, G., & Hinds, C. J. (1999) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199909093411102 · Cited by 1,023 · see citing works
INCREASED MORTALITY ASSOCIATED WITH GROWTH HORMONE TREATMENT IN CRITICALLY ILL ADULTS
Akala, J. U. T., Uokonen, E. S. R., Igel, N., Ebster, R. W., Ielsen, M. I. S. N., Andstra, D. U. F. Z., Undelinckx, G. U. V., & Inds, H. J. H. (1999) · Cited by 889 · see citing works
The diagnosis of head injury requires a classification based on computed axial tomography.
Lf, M., Sb, M., Klauber, M. R., van Berkum-Clark, M., Eisenberg, H. M., Jane, J. A., Luerssen, T. G., Marmarou, A., & Ma, F. (1992) · PubMed · Cited by 780 · see citing works
Schneider, H. J., Kreitschmann-Andermahr, I., Ghigo, E., Stalla, G. K., & Agha, A. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.298.12.1429 · Cited by 549 · see citing works
Hypopituitarism Secondary to Head Trauma
Benvenga, S. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.85.4.1353 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Adrenal Insufficiency in the Critically Ill
Marik, P. E., & Zaloga, G. P. (2002) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.122.5.1784 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Acute and Prolonged Critical Illness as Different Neuroendocrine Paradigms
den Berghe, G. V., de Zegher, F., & Bouillon, R. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.6.4763 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine dysfunction in the acute phase of traumatic brain injury
Agha, A., Rogers, B., Mylotte, D., Taleb, F., Tormey, W., Phillips, J., & Thompson, C. J. (2004) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02023.x · Cited by 313 · see citing works
Testosterone‐mediated neuroprotection through the androgen receptor in human primary neurons
Hammond, J., Le, Q., Goodyer, C. G., Gelfand, M. M., Trifiro, M. A., & LeBlanc, A. C. (2001) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00345.x · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Free and Total Cortisol Levels as Predictors of Severity and Outcome in Community-acquired Pneumonia
Christ‐Crain, M., Stolz, D., Jutla, S., Couppis, O., Mueller, C. E., Bingisser, R. M., Schüetz, P., Tamm, M., Edwards, R., Müller-Stich, B. P., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.200702-307oc · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Consensus guidelines on screening for hypopituitarism following traumatic brain injury
Ghigo, E., Masel, B., Aimaretti, G., Léon-Carrión, J., Casanueva, F. F., Dominguez-Morales, M. R., Elovic, E., Perrone, K., Stalla, G., Thompson, C., et al. (2005) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699050400025315 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Ueber Hypophysisschwund mit tödlichem Ausgang1)
Simmonds, M. (1914) · DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1190185 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Reproductive axis suppression in acute illness is related to disease severity
Spratt, D. I., Cox, P. M., Orav, E. J., Moloney, J., & Bigos, T. (1993) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.76.6.8501163 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Smith‐Swintosky, V. L., Pettigrew, L. C., Sapolsky, R. M., Phares, C., Craddock, S. D., Brooke, S. M., & Mattson, M. P. (1996) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-199607000-00008 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Herrmann, M., JOST, S., Kutz, S., Ebert, A., Kratz, T., Wunderlich, M. T., & Synowitz, H. (2000) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2000.17.113 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Prevalence and predictive factors of post-traumatic hypopituitarism
Klose, M., Juul, A., Poulsgaard, L., Kosteljanetz, M., Brennum, J., & Feldt‐Rasmussen, U. (2007) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.02860.x · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Growth hormone as a neuronal rescue factor during recovery from CNS injury
Scheepens, A., Sirimanne, E. S., Breier, B. H., Clark, R. G., Gluckman, P. D., & Williams, C. E. (2001) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00109-9 · Cited by 174 · cited 3× · see citing works
“2, (range 15–64), median ISS was 29 [9-43] and median GCS at intubation and sedation was 6 [3-8].”
BackgroundAcute Serum Hormone Levels: Characterization and Prognosis after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Wagner, A. K., McCullough, E. H., Niyonkuru, C., Ozawa, H., Loucks, T. L., Dobos, J. A., Brett, C. A., Santarsieri, M., Dixon, C. E., Berga, S. L., et al. (2011) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2010.1586 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
S100B Serum Level Predicts Computed Tomography Findings After Minor Head Injury
Müller, K., Townend, W., Biasca, N., Undén, J., Waterloo, K. K., Romner, B., & Ingebrigtsen, T. (2007) · The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care · doi:10.1097/ta.0b013e318047bfaa · Cited by 169 · see citing works
(1986) · PubMed · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Post-Traumatic Hypopituitarism: SIX CASES AND A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
EDWARDS, O. M., & CLARK, J. D. A. (1986) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/00005792-198609000-00001 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Endocrine evaluation of patients with critical illness
den Berghe, G. V. (2003) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(03)00005-7 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Neuroprotection of sex steroids.
Liu, M., Kelley, M. H., Herson, P. S., & Hurn, P. D. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Increased mortality associated with growth hormone treatment in critically ill adults.
den Berghe, G. V. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Corte, F. D., Mancini, A., Valle, D., Gallizzi, F., Carducci, P., Mignani, V., & De Marinis, L. (1998) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/00003246-199808000-00030 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Hackl, J. M., Gottardis, M., Wieser, C., Rumpl, E., Stadler, C., Schwarz, S., & Monkayo, R. (1991) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf01708405 · Cited by 92 · cited 1× · see citing works
“reported elevated GH levels in patients with high ICP [53].”
BackgroundWoolf, P. D., Lee, L. A., Hamill, R. W., & McDonald, J. V. (1988) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(88)90414-7 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Acute Gonadotroph and Somatotroph Hormonal Suppression after Traumatic Brain Injury
Wagner, J. J., Dusick, J. R., McArthur, D. L., Cohan, P., Wang, C., Swerdloff, R. S., Boscardin, W. J., & Kelly, D. F. (2010) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2009.1092 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Ingebrigtsen, T., Romner, B., & Trumpy, J. H. (1997) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0967-5868(97)90007-2 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Acute Effects of Growth Hormone on Vascular Function in Human Subjects
Napoli, R., Guardasole, V., Angelini, V., D’Amico, F., Zarra, E., Matarazzo, M., & Saccà, L. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030144 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Grände, P. O., Möller, A. D., Nordström, C., & Ungerstedt, U. (2000) · Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1399-6576.2000.440718.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Hannon, M. J., Sherlock, M., & Thompson, C. J. (2011) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2011.06.001 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Peri‐operative endocrine effects of etomidate
Moore, R. A., Allen, M. C., WOOD, P. J., REES, L. H., & Sear, J. W. (1985) · Anaesthesia · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.1985.tb10702.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Franklin, M. E., & Tolin, D. F. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70883-6_3 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Cortisol dynamics following acute severe brain injury
Savaridas, T., Andrews, P., & Harris, B. A. (2004) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-004-2306-5 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Prostacyclin Treatment in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Microdialysis and Outcome Study
Olivecrona, M., Rodling-Wahlström, M., Naredi, S., & Koskinen, L. (2009) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2008.0605 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationThyroid function in severely traumatized patients with or without head injury
Chioléro, R. L., Lemarchand-Béraud, T., Schutz, Y., de Tribolet, N., Bayer-Berger, M., & Freeman, J. (1988) · Acta Endocrinologica · doi:10.1530/acta.0.1170080 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Chisu, V., Manca, P., Lepore, G., Gadau, S. D., Zedda, M., & Farina, V. (2006) · PubMed · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Adrenocortical (dys)function in septic shock - a sick euadrenal state.
Venkatesh, B., & Cohen, J. (2011) · Best practice & research. Clinical endocrinology & metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2011.04.007 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Bondanelli, M., Ambrosio, M. R., Margutti, A., Boldrini, P., Basaglia, N., Franceschetti, P., Zatelli, M. C., & Uberti, E. C. D. (2002) · Metabolism · doi:10.1053/meta.2002.34714 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Thyrotropin-releasing Hormone Provocative Release of Prolactin and Thyrotropin in Acute Head Injury
Matsuura, H., Nakazawa, S., & Wakabayashi, I. (1985) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/00006123-198506000-00009 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The effects of growth hormone status on circulating levels of vascular growth factors
Silha, J. V., Krsek, M., Hana, V., Marek, J., Weiss, V., Jezkova, J., Rosicka, M., Jarkovska, Z., & Murphy, L. J. (2005) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2005.02303.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
CLAUSEN‐SJÖBOM, N., LINS, P.-E. S., Adamson, U., Curstedt, T., & Hamberger, B. (1987) · Acta Medica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1987.tb09929.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Wildburger, R., Žarković, N., Leb, G., Borović, S., Žarković, K., & Tatzber, F. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Thyroid morphology in lethal non-thyroidal illness: a post-mortem study
Jongh, F. D., Jöbsis, A. C., & Elte, J. W. F. (2001) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1440221 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Leckman, J. F., Cohen, D. J., Gertner, J. M., Ort, S., & Harcherik, D. F. (1984) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-198403000-00008 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Severe traumatic brain injury: consequences of early adverse events
Brorsson, C., Rodling-Wahlström, M., Olivecrona, M., Koskinen, L., & Naredi, S. (2011) · Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2011.02451.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationAltered thyroid function in severely injured patients
Grill, E. K., Strong, M. L., Sonnad, S. S., Sarani, B., L., J. L. P., Collins, H. W., & Sims, C. A. (2012) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2012.09.008 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Overview of the endocrine response to critical illness: How to measure it and when to treat
Hassan-Smith, Z. K., & Cooper, M. S. (2011) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2011.04.002 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Grimée, R., & Wülfert, E. (1995) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(95)00244-z · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Defining critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency: One step forward!*
Annane, D. (2010) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181c54620 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The “Lund concept”: what it is and what it isn't
Nordström, C. (2007) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-006-0521-y · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Solomon, S. B. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 8 · see citing works
MURAKAWA, T., Tsubo, T., Kudo, T., Kudo, M., & MATSUKI, A. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Polo-Garvín, A., Mj, G.-S., Perán, F., & Almazán, A. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 6 · see citing works
[The pathophysiology of acute mountain sickness].
Debudaj, A., & Bobiński, R. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Escamilla, R. F., & LISSER, H. (1938) · PubMed · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Changes in plasma cortisol concentration by ages in dogs under ketamine and thiopental anesthesia.
TAGAWA, M., Toshinori, S. A. K. O., EJIMA, H., Kurokawa, K., Orima, H., & Motoyoshi, S. (1989) · The Japanese Journal of Veterinary Science · doi:10.1292/jvms1939.51.278 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The effect of prostacyclin on pituitary hormone release [letter]
Allolio, B., FitzGerald, G., Hipp, F. X., Hossmann, V., Mies, R., & Winkelmann, W. (1980) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1980.tb00524.x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tan, C. L., Alavi, S. A., Baldeweg, S. E., Belli, A., Carson, A., Feeney, C., Goldstone, A. P., Greenwood, R., Menon, D. K., Simpson, H. L., et al. (2017) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2016-315500 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Bunevičius, A., Iervasi, G., & Bunevičius, R. (2015) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.2015.1013465 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Outcome and prognosis of hypoxic brain damage patients undergoing neurological early rehabilitation
Heinz, U., & Rollnik, J. D. (2015) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1175-z · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Role and Importance of IGF-1 in Traumatic Brain Injuries
Mangiola, A., Vigo, V., Anile, C., BONIS, P. D., Marziali, G., & Lofrese, G. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/736104 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Growth Hormone Deficiency Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Kgosidialwa, O., Hakami, O. A., Zia-Ul-Hussnain, H. M., & Agha, A. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20133323 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Endocrine Dysfunction After Traumatic Brain Injury: An Ignored Clinical Syndrome?
Mahajan, C., Prabhakar, H., & Bilotta, F. (2023) · Neurocritical Care · doi:10.1007/s12028-022-01672-3 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Olivecrona, Z., Bobinski, L., & Koskinen, L. (2014) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699052.2014.989403 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Self-citationBiofluid Biomarkers in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Scoping Review
Edalatfar, M., Piri, S. M., Mehrabinejad, M.-M., Mousavi, M., Meknatkhah, S., Fattahi, M. R., Kavyani, Z., Ghadery, A. H., Kaveh, M., Aryannejad, A., et al. (2021) · Neurocritical Care · doi:10.1007/s12028-020-01173-1 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Schumacher, M., Guennoun, R., Mattern, C., Oudinet, J., Labombarda, F., Nicola, A. F. D., & Lière, P. (2015) · Steroids · doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2015.08.013 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Impaired Pituitary Axes Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Scranton, R. A., & Baskin, D. S. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm4071463 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Zhong, S., Chen, G., Zhao, L., Jia, Y., Chen, F., Qi, Z., Huang, L., & Wang, Y. (2019) · Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1159/000497182 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Montivero, A., Ghersi, M., Silvero, M. J., de la Villarmois, E. A., Catalan, J., Herrera, M. L., Becerra, M. C., Hereñú, C. B., & Pérez, M. F. (2021) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.672392 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Javed, Z., Qamar, U., & Sathyapalan, T. (2015) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/2230-8210.167561 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
The Role of Thyroid Hormone in Neuronal Protection
Liu, Y., & Brent, G. A. (2021) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.c200019 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Tan, H., Yang, W., Wu, C., Liu, B., Lu, H., Wang, H., & Yan, H. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-04008-w · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Ntali, G., & Tsagarakis, S. (2019) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-019-00944-0 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Szarka, N., Szellár, D., Kiss, S., Farkas, N., Szakács, Z., Czigler, A., Ungvari, Z. I., Hegyi, P. J., Büki, A., & Tóth, P. (2021) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2020.7265 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Cortisol evaluation during the acute phase of traumatic brain injury—A prospective study
Bensalah, M., Donaldson, M., Aribi, Y., Iabassen, M., Cherfi, L., Nebbal, M., Medjaher, M., Haffaf, E., Abdennebi, B., Guenane, K., et al. (2018) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.13562 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Zhong, Y. H., Wu, H. Y., He, R., Zheng, B. E., & Fan, J. Z. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00261 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Hypopituitarism post traumatic brain injury (TBI): review
Kgosidialwa, O., & Agha, A. (2019) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-019-02007-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A clinical and pathophysiological approach to traumatic brain injury-induced pituitary dysfunction
Temizkan, Ş., & Keleştimur, F. (2019) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-019-00941-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Zhang, B., Bai, M., Xu, X., Yang, M., Niu, F., Gao, F., & Liu, B. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-02000-2 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bunevičius, A., Laws, E. R., Deltuva, V. P., & Tamašauskas, A. (2016) · Journal of Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1007/s11060-016-2311-x · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bunevičius, A., Deltuva, V. P., Tamašauskas, Š., Smith, T. R., Laws, E. R., Bunevičius, R., Iervasi, G., & Tamašauskas, A. (2016) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.14376 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The role of autoimmunity in pituitary dysfunction due to traumatic brain injury
Bellis, A. D., Bellastella, G., Maiorino, M. I., Costantino, A., Cirillo, P., Longo, M., Pernice, V., Bellastella, A., & Esposito, K. (2019) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-019-00953-z · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Low Tri-Iodothyronine Syndrome in Neurosurgical Patients: A Systematic Review of Literature
Bunevičius, A., Smith, T. R., & Laws, E. R. (2016) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2016.07.035 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Analysis of serum cortisol to predict recovery in paediatric sport-related concussion
Ritchie, E., Emery, C. A., & Debert, C. T. (2018) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2018.1429662 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Madathil, S. K., & Saatman, K. E. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Acute neuroendocrine changes after traumatic brain injury
Magyar-Sümegi, Z. D., Stankovics, L., Lendvai-Emmert, D., Czigler, A., Hegedus, E., Csendes, M., Tóth, L., Ungvari, Z. I., Büki, A., & Tóth, P. (2024) · Brain and Spine · doi:10.1016/j.bas.2024.102830 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Zhang, Y., Cong, P., Tong, C., Jin, H., Liu, Y., & Hou, M. (2021) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119722 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Munakomi, S., Thingujam, J., Bajracharya, A., Gurung, S., & Shrestha, S. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/5584_2020_529 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Critical illness and sex hormones: response and impact of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis
Ma, Y., Fan, X., Han, J., Cheng, Y., Zhao, J., Fang, W. Y., & Gao, L. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/20420188251328192 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Hohl, A., Zanela, F. A., Ghisi, G. L. D. M., Ronsoni, M. F., Díaz, A. P., Schwarzbold, M. L., Dafré, A. L., Reddi, B. A. J., Lin, K., Dal‐Pizzol, F., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00029 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury: prevalence and screening strategies
Ntali, G., & Tsagarakis, S. (2020) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2020.1810561 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The protective effects of prolactin on brain injury
Yousefvand, S., Hadjzadeh, M., Vafaee, F., & Dolatshad, H. (2020) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118547 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Tölli, A., Höybye, C., Bellander, B. M., & Borg, J. (2019) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-2531 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Venkatasamy, L., Iannucci, J., Pereverzev, A., Hoar, J., Huber, E., Ifegbo, A., Dominy, R., El-Hakim, Y., Mani, K. K., Dabney, A., et al. (2025) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-025-01998-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Proteomic Discovery of Noninvasive Biomarkers Associated With Sport-Related Concussions
Daisy, C. C., Varinos, S., Howell, D. R., Kaplan, K., Mannix, R., Meehan, W. P., III, Wang, F., Berkstresser, B. D., Lee, R. S., Froehlich, J. W., et al. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000013001 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The Role of Thyroid Hormone in Neuronal Protection
Liu, Y., & Brent, G. A. (2021) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/j.2040-4603.2021.tb00174.x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The pıtuıtary-gonadal-thyroıd and lactotroph axes ın crıtıcally ıll patıents
Akbaş, T., Deyneli, O., Sönmez, F. T., & Akalın, S. (2015) · Endokrynologia Polska · doi:10.5603/ep.a2016.0032 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Pituitary dysfunction following mild traumatic brain injury in female athletes
Claessen, L. Ó. E., Kristjánsdóttir, H., Jónsdóttir, M. K., Lund, S. H., Kristensen, I. U., & Sigurjónsdóttir, H. Á. (2023) · Endocrine Connections · doi:10.1530/ec-23-0363 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Boltzmann, M., Schmidt, S. B., & Rollnik, J. D. (2017) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2017/4719279 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Traumatic brain injury and prolactin
Hacıoğlu, A., & Tanrıverdi, F. (2024) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-024-09904-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Thyroid Hormone Stimulation of Adult Brain Fatty Acid Oxidation
Sifuentes, M. M., & Lechleiter, J. D. (2017) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2017.05.006 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Pre‐traumatic conditions can influence cortisol levels before and after a brain injury
Sörbo, A., Eiving, I., Theodorsson, E., Rydenhag, B., & Jónsdóttir, I. H. (2019) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/ane.13212 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Xu, Z., Lv, X., Wang, J., Chen, Z.-P., & Qiu, H.-S. (2014) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2014.01.021 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
An Approach to Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Hypopituitarism: Overcoming the Pediatric Challenges
Vlad, R. M., Albu, A. I., Nicolaescu, I. D., Dobritoiu, R., Carsote, M., Sandru, F., Albu, D., & Păcurar, D. (2023) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics13020212 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Jöhr, J., Martinez, T., Marquis, R., Bruce, S., Binz, P., Rey, S., Hafner, G., Attwell, C., & Diserens, K. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.44878 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lavrnja, I. C., Ajdžanović, V. Z., Trifunović, S. L., Savić, D. Z., Milošević, V., Stojiljković, M., & Peković, S. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23408 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Akbaş, T., Sahin, İ. E., & Öztürk, A. (2018) · Endokrynologia Polska · doi:10.5603/ep.a2018.0056 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The ultra-acute steroid response to traumatic injury: a cohort study
Bentley, C., Hazeldine, J., Bravo, L., TAYLOR, A. E. R., Gilligan, L. C., Shaheen, F., Acharjee, A., Gkoutos, G. V., Foster, M., Arlt, W., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1093/ejendo/lvad024 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A case of bilateral adrenal haemorrhage following traumatic brain injury
Leong, M., Pendyala, M., Chaganti, J. R., & Al-Soufi, S. (2015) · Journal of Intensive Care · doi:10.1186/s40560-015-0073-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Heather, N. L., Derraik, J. G. B., Chiavaroli, V., Hofman, P. L., & Cutfield, W. S. (2015) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/cen.12961 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Famà, F., Vita, R., Sindoni, A., Vinci, S. L., Giorgianni, G. M., Grasso, L., Gioffré‐Florio, M., & Benvenga, S. (2018) · Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.jcte.2018.12.008 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Feng, G., Zheng, M., Yao, S.-H., Li, Y.-Q., Zhang, S., Wen, W., Fan, K. C., Zhang, J., & Zhang, X. (2021) · World Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2021.03.003 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Lin, J., Wang, J., Wang, J., & Li, J. (2022) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-022-05932-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Androgens, Male Hypogonadism and Traumatic Brain Injury
Hohl, A., Ronsoni, M. F., van de Sande‐Lee, S., Vieira, F. C. D. F., Schwarzbold, M. L., Díaz, A. P., & Walz, R. (2014) · Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases · doi:10.4236/ojemd.2014.41002 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cárdenas, J. F., Kelepouris, N., Adiga, R., & Yuen, K. C. J. (2024) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-024-05027-8 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zacharia, S. S., Thomas, R., Johnson, J. T., Kapoor, N., Ramanathan, S., Asha, H. S., Cherian, K. E., & Paul, T. V. (2024) · Pituitary · doi:10.1007/s11102-024-01433-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Alavi, S. A. N., Pourasghary, S., Rezakhah, A., Habibi, M. A., Azar, A. K., Mahdkhah, A., & Kobets, A. J. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15030359 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Haria, J., Singh, N. K., Kumar, J., Jain, S. K., & Pamidimarri, D. (2025) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2025.115697 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Acute Neuroendocrine Profile in Predicting Outcomes in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Kumar, K. M., Mudumba, V. S., Alugolu, R., & Anne, B. (2021) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_194_21 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zhang, M., Wei, J.-B., & Zhang, X.-B. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000044805 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine changes during the acute phase following traumatic brain injury
Lonergan, E. M., & Agha, A. (2025) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2025.102003 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Goder, N., Gerstenhaber, F., Gal‐Oz, A., Stavi, D., Angel, Y., Nini, A., Lichter, Y., & Sold, O. (2024) · Critical Care Explorations · doi:10.1097/cce.0000000000001086 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Boese, M., Berman, R. Y., Spencer, H. F., Rujan, O. L., Metz, E., Radford, K. D., & Choi, K. H. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13040787 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Rehan, S. T., Hussain, H. U., Ali, E., Eqbal, F., Ahmed, J., Eljack, M. M. F., & Asghar, M. S. (2024) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3603 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mele, C., Marchi, L. D., Pitino, R., Costantini, L., Cavigiolo, B., Caputo, M., Marzullo, P., & Aimaretti, G. (2025) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.beem.2025.102001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Two-step thyroid screening strategy in the critical patient
Morell‐García, D., Bauçà, J. M., Elorza, M. Á., & Barceló, A. (2016) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.05.013 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Boltzmann, M., Schmidt, S. B., & Rollnik, J. D. (2022) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2022/8447080 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sigurjonsson, P., Jónasdóttir, Á. Í., Ólafsson, I. H., Kárason, S., Sigthorsson, G., & Sigurjónsdóttir, H. Á. (2022) · Medical Research Archives · doi:10.18103/mra.v10i9.3055 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Neuroendocrine Dysfunction After TBI
Alfawares, Y., Yang, G. L., Lamichhane, R. R., Yaqub, A., & Ngwenya, L. B. (2024) · Hot topics in acute care surgery and trauma · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-50117-3_25 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Markevich, D. P., & Марочков, А. В. (2019) · Journal of the Grodno State Medical University · doi:10.25298/2221-8785-2019-17-6-693-698 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kondratyeva, E. A., Ivanova, A. O., Yarmolinskaya, M. I., Геннадьевна, П. Е., Dryagina, N. V., Zybina, N. N., Andreeva, N. Y., & Kondratyev, A. N. (2021) · Journal of obstetrics and women s diseases · doi:10.17816/jowd77930 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cerebral Hypoxia can lead to Personality Changes: A Review
(2017) · International Journal of Neuroscience and Research · doi:10.31829/2578-4870/ijnr2017-1(1)-103 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Thyroid hormone actions in traumatic brain injury
Bunevičius, A. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823036-7.00013-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Research Progress of Blood Biomarkers for Prognosis of Traumatic Brain Injury
李, 显. (2021) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2021.1111756
Blood Cortisol as a Biomarker in Intensive Care Unit
Pektezel, M. Y., & Pektezel, L. D. (2022) · Biomarkers in disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87302-8_66-1
Blood Cortisol as a Biomarker in Intensive Care Unit
Pektezel, M. Y., & Pektezel, L. D. (2023) · Biomarkers in disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-07395-3_66
Galbiati, S., Locatelli, F., Formica, F., Pozzi, M., & Strazzer, S. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11030304
Endocrinopathy and Dysautonomia
Fote, G., Himstead, A. S., & Chen, J. W. (2025) · Neurosurgery Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nec.2025.03.008
Liu, Y., Chen, W., Aguiari, P., Abe, K., Milanesi, A., & Brent, G. A. (2025) · Thyroid · doi:10.1177/10507256251372171
Cáceres, E. L., Olivella-Gómez, J., Garcés, A. E. V., Ramírez, P. O. N., Zafarshamspour, S., Cole, C. D., Hinduja, A., Divani, A. A., & Reyes, L. F. (2025) · Critical Care Science · doi:10.62675/2965-2774.20250106 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ren, X., Su, J., Shi, W., Wang, J., & Yang, X. (2025) · Acta Neurologica Belgica · doi:10.1007/s13760-025-02948-z
Eagle, S. R., Wang, M. B., Shanahan, R. M., Slingerland, A. L., Bhatia, S., Kann, M. R., Augi, T. H., Puccio, A. M., & Okonkwo, D. O. (2025) · Neurosurgery · doi:10.1227/neu.0000000000003863
Cárdenas, J. F., Kelepouris, N., Adiga, R., & Yuen, K. C. J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24980141
Cárdenas, J. F., Kelepouris, N., Adiga, R., & Yuen, K. C. J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24979476
Zacharia, S. S., Cherian, K. E., Thomas, R., & Paul, T. V. (2026) · Indian Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.4103/ijpmr.ijpmr_46_25
Yuen, K. C. J. (2026) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2026.101703
Fang, T., He, X., Chen, J., Huang, L., Xie, Y., Li, D., Huang, Y., Lin, Q., & Zhou, H. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1847846
Kałas, M., Siemiński, M., & Stępniewska, E. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15145676
Xia, D., Feng, H., Han, Y., Liu, L., Chen, F., & Fu, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2026.1878434
Gupta, K., Arora, R. K., Sadhasivam, S., Mirza, A. A., & Mittal, R. (2026) · Indian Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.1055/s-0046-1829038
- Authors
- Olivecrona, Z., Dahlqvist, P., & Koskinen, L.-O. D.
- Affiliations
- Umeå University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Olivecrona, Zandra
- Venue
- Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine
- Published
- 2013-04-20
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-33
- ISSN
- 1757-7241 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3637196
- OpenAlex
- W2170602286
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 3.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DiVA at Umeå University (Umeå University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Pfizer
- Kempe Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- severe traumatic brain injury, pituitary hormones, neuroendocrine changes, cortisol, critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency, prolactin, thyroid hormones, functional outcome, mortality prediction, neurocritical care, sex hormone-binding globulin, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, insulin-like growth factor I, growth hormone
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Brain Injuries, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Luteinizing Hormone, Male, Middle Aged, Pituitary Hormones, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Prognosis, Prolactin, Prospective Studies, Radiography, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Growth Hormone, Testosterone, Thyrotropin, Treatment Outcome, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
