Assessing and presenting summaries of evidence in Cochrane Reviews
Open accessAbstract
Cochrane Reviews are intended to help providers, practitioners and patients make informed decisions about health care. The goal of the Cochrane Applicability and Recommendation Methods Group (ARMG) is to develop approaches, strategies and guidance that facilitate the uptake of information from Cochrane Reviews and their use by a wide audience with specific focus on developers of recommendations and on healthcare decision makers. This paper is part of a series highlighting developments in systematic review methodology in the 20 years since the establishment of The Cochrane Collaboration, and its aim is to present current work and highlight future developments in assessing and presenting summaries of evidence, with special focus on Summary of Findings (SoF) tables and Plain Language Summaries.A SoF table provides a concise and transparent summary of the key findings of a review in a tabular format. Several studies have shown that SoF tables improve accessibility and understanding of Cochrane Reviews.The ARMG and GRADE Working Group are working on further development of the SoF tables, for example by evaluating the degree of acceptable flexibility beyond standard presentation of SoF tables, developing SoF tables for diagnostic test accuracy reviews and interactive SoF tables (iSoF).The plain language summary (PLS) is the other main building block for dissemination of review results to end-users. The PLS aims to summarize the results of a review in such a way that health care consumers can readily understand them. Current efforts include the development of a standardized language to describe statistical results, based on effect size and quality of supporting evidence.Producing high quality PLS and SoF tables and making them compatible and linked would make it easier to produce dissemination products targeting different audiences (for example, providers, health policy makers, guideline developers).Current issues of debate include optimal presentation formats of SoF tables, the training required to produce SoF tables, and the extent to which the authors of Cochrane Reviews should provide explicit guidance to target audiences of patients, clinicians and policy-makers.
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The quality of evidence per association was assessed by applying GRADE criteria.
“We assessed the quality of evidence per association by applying the GRADE criteria (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations) in five domains, including (1) risk of bias in the individual studies, (2) inconsistency, (3) indirectness, (4) imprecision, and (5) publication bias [31].”
From Effects of ketogenic diet on health outcomes: an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized clinical trials (2023) · cites this paper as [31]
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Vortioxetine for depression in adults
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Chemotherapy versus surgery for initial treatment in advanced ovarian epithelial cancer
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Oxycodone for cancer-related pain
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Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening
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Hypothermia for neuroprotection in adults after cardiac arrest
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Chemotherapy versus surgery for initial treatment in advanced ovarian epithelial cancer
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Hormone replacement therapy after surgery for epithelial ovarian cancer
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Enhanced rehabilitation and care models for adults with dementia following hip fracture surgery
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Dietary interventions for adult cancer survivors
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PRISMA 2020: a reporting guideline for the next generation of systematic reviews
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Pentoxifylline for intermittent claudication
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Intraoperative imaging technology to maximise extent of resection for glioma
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Antipsychotics for fibromyalgia in adults
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Interventions for preventing ophthalmia neonatorum
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Interventions for the treatment of Paget's disease of the vulva
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External beam radiation dose escalation for high grade glioma
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Fortification of maize flour with iron for controlling anaemia and iron deficiency in populations.
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- Authors
- Langendam, M. W., Akl, E. A., Dahm, P., Glasziou, P., Guyatt, G., & Schünemann, H. J.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- American University of Beirut (LB)
- University of Florida Health (US)
- Bond University (AU)
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Langendam, Miranda W
- Venue
- Systematic Reviews
- Published
- 2013-09-23
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 81-81
- ISSN
- 2046-4053 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3849859
- OpenAlex
- W2122450633
- Cited by
- 282
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 21.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Systematic Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
- e-publications@bond (Bond University) (submittedVersion)
- Bond University Research Portal (Bond University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Clinical practice guidelines implementation
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Sciences Research and Education
- Keywords
- summary of findings tables, plain language summaries, evidence summaries, effect size reporting, quality of evidence, guideline development, healthcare decision-making
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Information Services, Review Literature as Topic, Technology Transfer, Evidence-Based Medicine, Information Dissemination, Research Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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