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Human well-being impacts of terrestrial protected areas
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Establishing Protected Areas (PAs) is among the most common conservation interventions. Protecting areas from the threats posed by human activity will by definition inhibit some human actions. However, adverse impacts could be balanced by maintaining ecosystem services or introducing new livelihood options. Consequently there is an ongoing debate on whether the net impact of PAs on human well-being at local or regional scales is positive or negative. We report here on a systematic review of evidence for impacts on human well-being arising from the establishment and maintenance of terrestrial PAs. Following an a priori protocol, systematic searches were conducted for evidence of impacts of PAs post 1992. After article title screening, the review was divided into two separate processes; a qualitative synthesis of explanations and meaning of impact and a review of quantitative evidence of impact. Abstracts and full texts were assessed using inclusion criteria and conceptual models of potential impacts. Relevant studies were critically appraised and data extracted and sorted according to type of impact reported. No quantitative synthesis was possible with the evidence available. Two narrative syntheses were produced and their outputs compared in a metasynthesis. The qualitative evidence review mapped 306 articles and synthesised 34 that were scored as high quality. The quantitative evidence review critically appraised 79 studies and included 14 of low/medium susceptibility to bias. The meta-synthesis reveals that a range of factors can lead to reports of positive and negative impacts of PA establishment, and therefore might enable hypothesis generation regarding cause and effect relationships, but resulting hypotheses cannot be tested with the current available evidence. The evidence base provides a range of possible pathways of impact, both positive and negative, of PAs on human well-being but provides very little support for decision making on how to maximise positive impacts. The nature of the research reported to date forms a diverse and fragmented body of evidence unsuitable for the purpose of informing policy formation on how to achieve win-win outcomes for biodiversity and human well-being. To better assess the impacts of PAs on human well-being we make recommendations for improving research study design and reporting.
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“None of the 84 grey literature articles identified by SR5 [28] were found within the exported Google Scholar search results (68 total records from title searches and 1,000 of a total 49,700 records from full text searches).”
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“whereas such policies can sometimes lower welfare locally ( 77 , 78 ).”
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“However, conservation policies (including incentives) could also play out unequally.”
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“higher-income countries might contribute to the financing of environmental protection in lower-income countries but only to secure global benefits -such as the preservation of particular species and ecosystems, or carbon storage”
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Narayanan, E., Ismail, W. R., & Mustafa, Z. (2024) · Journal on Innovation and Sustainability RISUS · doi:10.23925/2179-3565.2024v15i2p52-82 · Cited by 3
Teli, Z. A., Dawood, U., Nisa, S. S., & Bhat, B. A. (2025) · Forests Trees and Livelihoods · doi:10.1080/14728028.2025.2528076 · Cited by 1
Nielsen, M. R., Mulder, M. B., Skjærvø, G. R., Klöckner, C. A., Moe, E., Meilby, H., Hartsteen, H. P., & GRAAE, B. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Conservation Science · doi:10.3389/fcosc.2025.1604967 · Cited by 1
Zeitler, L., Randell, H., & Powell, B. (2025) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.70145 · Cited by 1
Nguyen, V. T. T., Christidis, L., Schouten, C., Newell, D., & Aylward, C. M. (2025) · Environmental sciences · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1013258 · Cited by 1
Jouzi, Z., Leung, Y., & Nelson, S. A. C. (2023) · Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s13412-023-00880-3 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Pullin, A. S., Bangpan, M., Dalrymple, S., Dickson, K., Haddaway, N. R., Healey, J. R., Hauari, H., Hockley, N., Jones, J. P. G., Knight, T., Vigurs, C., & Oliver, S.
- Affiliations
- Bangor University (GB)
- University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Pullin, Andrew S
- ORCID
- Venue
- Environmental Evidence
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19
- ISSN
- 2047-2382 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2168684543
- Cited by
- 228
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 11.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Environmental Evidence (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Bangor University Research Portal (Bangor University) (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Bangor University Research Portal (Bangor University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Socioeconomics of Resources and Conservation
- Keywords
- protected areas, terrestrial protected areas, human well-being, conservation impacts, ecosystem services, livelihoods, biodiversity conservation, conservation policy
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