The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and PHQ-2 in patients with migraine
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Psychiatric problems have been commonly reported in patients with migraine. This study investigated the reliability and validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-2) in patients with migraine. METHODS: Patients with migraine (with or without aura) were consecutively recruited from our headache clinic. They completed several instruments, including the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus Version 5.0.0 (MINI), the PHQ-9, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS), the Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6), and the Migraine-Specific Quality of Life (MSQoL). RESULTS: Among 132 participants, 39 patients (29.5%) had a major depressive disorder (MDD) as determined by the MINI. Cronbach's α coefficients for the PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 were 0.894 and 0.747, respectively. At a cutoff score of 7, the PHQ-9 had a sensitivity of 79.5%, a specificity of 81.7%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 64.6%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 90.5%. At a cutoff score of 2, the PHQ-2 had a sensitivity of 66.7%, a specificity of 90.3%, a PPV of 74.3%, and a NPV of 86.6%. The scores of the PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 well correlated with the BDI-II score, the MIDAS score, the HIT-6 score, and the MSQoL score. CONCLUSIONS: The PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 are both reliable and valid screening instruments for MDD in patients with migraine.
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“The PHQ-9 has been found to be reliable and valid with satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.86) [54]. The PHQ-9 has been validated for migraine patients [55] as well as chronically ill patients [56].”
From ACTsmart: Guided Smartphone-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain—A Pilot Trial. (2021) · cites this paper as [55]
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“Anxiety and depression were de fi ned using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 score ≥ 6 and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ≥ 8, respectively (25,26).”
Mungia, R., Funkhouser, E. M., LawAS, Nixdorf, D. R., Diogenes, A. R., Kopycka‐Kędzierawski, D. T., Caprio, D. S., & Gilbert, G. H. (2025) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2025.106232 · Cited by 2
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“Sleep disturbances and the severity of depression and anxiety were quantified using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index10 (PSQI), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [17] (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 [18] (GAD-7), respectively.”
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Vieira, R. V. D. A., Peterlin, B. L., Kowacs, F., Londero, R. G., Barea, L. M., Grassi, V., Gomes, W. B., & Gauer, G. (2022) · Headache Medicine/Revista Headache Medicine · doi:10.48208/headachemed.2021.51 · Cited by 2
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“The Korean version of the PHQ-2 has been validated and favorable consistency and test-retest reliability were reported (Seo & Park, 2015).”
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Reduction of neck pain severity in patients with medication-overuse headache
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“Depression and anxiety were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) [30] and Generalized Anxiety Dis-order-7 (GAD-7) [31], respectively.”
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“26–28 Interpretation can be made algorithmically to make a probable diagnosis of a Major Depression Episode or as a continuous measure of scores and cut-off points of 5, 10, 15, and 20, representing levels of depressive symptoms as mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe.”
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Chung, S. (2025) · Sleep Medicine Research · doi:10.17241/smr.2025.02992 · Cited by 1
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“The assessments for anxiety and depression were conducted using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), respectively [28, 29].”
Wu, Y., Chen, C., Xu, S., Zhao, H., An, X., Liu, K., Qu, W., Zhao, H., Zhang, R., Wang, D., et al. (2026) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-026-02276-4 · Cited by 1
“To assess mental health status, the study employed the validated Chinese versions of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale (GAD-7) and the Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item scale (PHQ-9), which are widely used in patients with head-ache [35–38].”
Hibbert, A., Hashi, M., Symes, I., Hayton, T., Lilleker, J. B., Dodd, K. C., Evangelou, N., Noyce, A. J., & Smith, L. J. (2026) · BMJ Neurology Open · doi:10.1136/bmjno-2025-001522 · Cited by 1
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“For instance, the GAD [63] and the PHQ [61] are screening instruments and therefore only allow for probable, not clinical, diagnoses of generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder [90], whereas structured clinical interviews remain the gold standard for psychiatric diagnosis [91, 92].”
Liu, L. J., Ordinola‐Zapata, R., Noblett, W., Funkhouser, E. M., Law, A., Nixdorf, D. R., Lam, E. W. N., Mungia, R., & Gilbert, G. H. (2026) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/iej.70171 · Cited by 1
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Cianfrini, L. R., & Doleys, D. M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-90999-8_7 · Cited by 1
Afterimage duration differs for migraine with or without aura
Rimmele, F., Teuber, J., Müller, B., Giesen, S., Drescher, J., Scheidt, J., Walter, U., Kropp, P. A., & Jürgens, T. P. (2025) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.14934 · Cited by 1
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“또한 PHQ-9 중에서 처음 2문항을 이 용한 PHQ-2의 총점이 2점 이상으로 선별할 수 있다.(43,44) Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7)은 범불안장애를 선별 하기 위한 도구로 7가지 문항으로 구성되어 있다.”
Hong, Z. M., Williams, J. V. A., Bulloch, A. G. M., & Patten, S. B. (2022) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2022.04.011 · Cited by 1
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Seo, J.-G., Kim, B.-K., Chu, M. K., Cho, S., Chung, P., Moon, H., Kim, B., Ahn, J., Sohn, J., Chung, J.-M., et al. (2022) · Journal of the Korean Neurological Association · doi:10.17340/jkna.2022.3.2 · Cited by 1
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Reimbursement Team (2022) · Canadian Journal of Health Technologies · doi:10.51731/cjht.2022.236
Oh, J., & Hong, S. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Research · doi:10.17241/smr.2021.01151
“The Korean version of PHQ-9 has also been validated and shown high reliability [14].”
MethodMartelletti, P. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-97359-9_1
Matsuura, J. T., Panos, J. S., & Earles, J. E. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-12063-3_9
Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias
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“The overall scores range from 0-27, with 233 a cutoff score of 9 and above, indicating mild to severe depressive symptoms [35].”
BackgroundEffectiveness of a Multidisciplinary Headache Management Program: An Open-Label Pilot Study
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The complex role of financial hardship in understanding depression among youth in Uganda
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“These included the Utah Photophobia Symptom Impact Scale (UPSIS-12) [29], Visual Light Sensitivity Questionnaire-8 (VLSQ-8) [30], Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8) [31], Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) [32], and Visual Aura Rating Scale (VARS) [33].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Seo, J.-G., & Park, S.-P.
- Affiliations
- Kyungpook National University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Sung-Pa
- Venue
- The Journal of Headache and Pain
- Published
- 2015-07-15
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 65-65
- ISSN
- 1129-2369 (ISSN-L)
- 1129-2377
- PMC
- PMC4501946
- OpenAlex
- W1512628111
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 7.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Headache and Pain (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Kyungpook National University
- Kyungpook National University Hospital
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Migraine and Headache Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
- Keywords
- PHQ-9, PHQ-2, migraine, major depressive disorder, depression screening, questionnaire validation, reliability statistics, sensitivity and specificity, migraine with aura
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Migraine Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Quality of Life, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
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