The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and PHQ-2 in patients with migraine
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Psychiatric problems have been commonly reported in patients with migraine. This study investigated the reliability and validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-2) in patients with migraine. METHODS: Patients with migraine (with or without aura) were consecutively recruited from our headache clinic. They completed several instruments, including the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus Version 5.0.0 (MINI), the PHQ-9, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS), the Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6), and the Migraine-Specific Quality of Life (MSQoL). RESULTS: Among 132 participants, 39 patients (29.5%) had a major depressive disorder (MDD) as determined by the MINI. Cronbach's α coefficients for the PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 were 0.894 and 0.747, respectively. At a cutoff score of 7, the PHQ-9 had a sensitivity of 79.5%, a specificity of 81.7%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 64.6%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 90.5%. At a cutoff score of 2, the PHQ-2 had a sensitivity of 66.7%, a specificity of 90.3%, a PPV of 74.3%, and a NPV of 86.6%. The scores of the PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 well correlated with the BDI-II score, the MIDAS score, the HIT-6 score, and the MSQoL score. CONCLUSIONS: The PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 are both reliable and valid screening instruments for MDD in patients with migraine.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The PHQ-9 has been found to be reliable and valid with satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.86) [54]. The PHQ-9 has been validated for migraine patients [55] as well as chronically ill patients [56].”
From ACTsmart: Guided Smartphone-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain—A Pilot Trial. (2021) · cites this paper as [55]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x · Cited by 44,910
(1998) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · Cited by 19,139
(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 10,216
The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition (beta version)
Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) (2013) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102413485658 · Cited by 8,229
The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: Validity of a Two-Item Depression Screener
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2003) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/01.mlr.0000093487.78664.3c · Cited by 6,359
The mini international neuropsychiatric interview
Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D. V., Hergueta, T., & Weiller, E. (1998) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0924-9338(99)80239-9 · Cited by 5,899
Migraine prevalence, disease burden, and the need for preventive therapy
Lipton, R. B., Bigal, M. E., Diamond, M., Freitag, F., Reed, M. L., & Stewart, W. F. (2007) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000252808.97649.21 · Cited by 2,337
The International Classification of Headache Disorders
Olesen, J. (2008) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2008.01121.x · Cited by 2,321
Manea, L., Gilbody, S., & McMillan, D. (2012) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.110829 · Cited by 1,966
A six-item short-form survey for measuring headache impact: The HIT-6™
Kosinski, M., Bayliss, M. S., Bjorner, J. B., Ware, J. E., Garber, W. H., Batenhorst, A., Cady, R., Dahlöf, C. G. H., Dowson, A., & Tepper, S. (2003) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1023/a:1026119331193 · Cited by 1,376
Bateman, I. J., Carson, R. T., Day, B., Hanemann, W. M., Hanley, N. D., Hett, T., Jones‐Lee, M., & Loomes, G. (2002) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/1840649194.00020 · Cited by 482
Migraine and psychiatric comorbidity: a review of clinical findings
Antonaci, F., Nappi, G., Galli, F., Manzoni, G. C., Calabresi, P., & Costa, A. C. (2011) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1007/s10194-010-0282-4 · Cited by 417
Lantéri‐Minet, M., Radat, F., Chautard, M.-H., & Lucas, C. (2005) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2005.09.010 · Cited by 331
Headache disorders are third cause of disability worldwide
Steiner, T. J., Birbeck, G. L., Jensen, R., Katsarava, Z., Stovner, L. J., & Martelletti, P. (2015) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-015-0544-2 · Cited by 262
Lipton, R. B. (2009) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181974b19 · Cited by 186
Choi, H. S., Choi, J. H., Park, K. H., Joo, K. J., Ga, H., Ko, H. J., & Kim, S. R. (2007) · Gajeong yihag hoeji · Cited by 169
(2008) · Cited by 168
A comparison of nine scales to detect depression in Parkinson disease
Williams, J. R., Hirsch, E. S., Anderson, K. E., Amspoker, A. B., Goldstein, S. R., Grill, S. E., Lehmann, S. W., Little, J. T., Margolis, R. L., Palanci, J. M., et al. (2012) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0b013e31824d587f · Cited by 144
Wagner, T. H., Patrick, D. L., Galer, B. S., & Berzon, R. A. (1996) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1046/j.1526-4610.1996.3608484.x · Cited by 93
Kim, S., & Park, S.-P. (2014) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/1129-2377-15-68 · Cited by 70
Migraine diagnosis: Screening items, instruments, and scales
Peng, K.-P., & Wang, S.-J. (2012) · Acta Anaesthesiologica Taiwanica · doi:10.1016/j.aat.2012.05.002 · Cited by 59
Validity and Reliability Assessment of Korean Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6)
Chu, M. K., Im, H., Young Su, J., Kim, J., Kim, Y. J., Yu, K., Hyeo-Il, M., & Lee, B. (2009) · Cited by 52
Chagas, M. H. N., Crippa, J. A., Loureiro, S. R., Hallak, J. E. C., de Meneses-Gaya, C., Machado‐de‐Sousa, J. P., Rodrigues, G. R., Filho, A. S., Sanches, R. F., & Tumas, V. (2011) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2011.569482 · Cited by 35
The Standardization of the Korean Version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-2
Shin, J.-H., Kim, H.-C., Jung, C.-H., Kim, J.-B., Jung, S.-W., Cho, H.-J., & Jung, S.-H. (2013) · Journal of Korean Neuropsychiatric Association · doi:10.4306/jknpa.2013.52.3.115 · Cited by 29 · cited 1×
“9 % and specificity of 100 % at a cutoff score of 2 [26].”
BackgroundPsychometric properties of the stagnation scale in medication overuse headache patients
Innamorati, M., Pompili, M., Erbuto, D., Ricci, F., Migliorati, M., Lamis, D. A., Amore, M., Girardi, P., & Martelletti, P. (2015) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/1129-2377-16-2 · Cited by 15
Moon, H. S., Chung, C. S., Lee, H. S., Park, H. S., Kim, S. W., & Woo, H. W. (2003) · Journal of the Korean Neurological Association · Cited by 7
Zis, P., & Gatzonis, S. D. (2014) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.12609 · Cited by 5
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Lee HS, Chung CS, Song HJ, Park HS (2000) The reliability and validity of the MIDAS (Migraine Disability Assessment) Questionnaire for Korean migraine sufferers. J Korean Neurol Assoc 18:287–91
- Beck AT, Steer RA, Brown GK (1996) BDI-II Manual. Psychological Corp, San Antonio
- Bayliss M, Batenhorst A (2002) The HIT-6™ A User’s Guide. Quality Metric Incorporated, Lincoln, RI.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Levis, B., Sun, Y., He, C., Wu, Y., Krishnan, A., Bhandari, P. M., Neupane, D., Imran, M., Brehaut, E., Negeri, Z., et al. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.6504 · Cited by 577
An arabic translation, reliability, and validation of Patient Health Questionnaire in a Saudi sample
AlHadi, A. N., AlAteeq, D. A., Al-Sharif, E., Bawazeer, H. M., Alanazi, H., AlShomrani, A. T., Shuqdar, R. M., & AlOwaybil, R. (2017) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-017-0155-1 · Cited by 523
Validation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and GAD-2 in patients with migraine
Seo, J.-G., & Park, S.-P. (2015) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-015-0583-8 · Cited by 341
“Recently, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was validated for detecting a MDD in patients with migraine [17].”
MethodHallmarks of primary headache: part 1 – migraine
Raggi, A., Leonardi, M., Arruda, M. A., Caponnetto, V., Castaldo, M., Coppola, G., Pietra, A. D., Fan, X., García‐Azorín, D., Gazerani, P., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-024-01889-x · Cited by 212
Psychological Flexibility as a Resilience Factor in Individuals with Chronic Pain
Gentili, C., Rickardsson, J., Zetterqvist, V., Simons, L. E., Lekander, M., & Wicksell, R. K. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02016 · Cited by 148
Metadata
- Authors
- Seo, J.-G., & Park, S.-P.
- Affiliations
- Kyungpook National University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Sung-Pa
- Venue
- The Journal of Headache and Pain
- Published
- 2015-07-15
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 65-65
- ISSN
- 1129-2369 (ISSN-L)
- 1129-2377
- PMC
- PMC4501946
- OpenAlex
- W1512628111
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 7.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Headache and Pain (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Kyungpook National University
- Kyungpook National University Hospital
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Migraine and Headache Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
- Keywords
- PHQ-9, PHQ-2, migraine, major depressive disorder, depression screening, questionnaire validation, reliability statistics, sensitivity and specificity, migraine with aura
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Migraine Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Quality of Life, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
