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Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and PHQ-2 in patients with migraine
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Psychiatric problems have been commonly reported in patients with migraine. This study investigated the reliability and validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-2) in patients with migraine. METHODS: Patients with migraine (with or without aura) were consecutively recruited from our headache clinic. They completed several instruments, including the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus Version 5.0.0 (MINI), the PHQ-9, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), the Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS), the Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6), and the Migraine-Specific Quality of Life (MSQoL). RESULTS: Among 132 participants, 39 patients (29.5%) had a major depressive disorder (MDD) as determined by the MINI. Cronbach's α coefficients for the PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 were 0.894 and 0.747, respectively. At a cutoff score of 7, the PHQ-9 had a sensitivity of 79.5%, a specificity of 81.7%, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 64.6%, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 90.5%. At a cutoff score of 2, the PHQ-2 had a sensitivity of 66.7%, a specificity of 90.3%, a PPV of 74.3%, and a NPV of 86.6%. The scores of the PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 well correlated with the BDI-II score, the MIDAS score, the HIT-6 score, and the MSQoL score. CONCLUSIONS: The PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 are both reliable and valid screening instruments for MDD in patients with migraine.
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“The PHQ-9 has been found to be reliable and valid with satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.86) [54]. The PHQ-9 has been validated for migraine patients [55] as well as chronically ill patients [56].”
From ACTsmart: Guided Smartphone-Delivered Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Chronic Pain—A Pilot Trial. (2021) · cites this paper as [55]
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“Recently, the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was validated for detecting a MDD in patients with migraine [17].”
MethodHallmarks of primary headache: part 1 – migraine
Raggi, A., Leonardi, M., Arruda, M. A., Caponnetto, V., Castaldo, M., Coppola, G., Pietra, A. D., Fan, X., García‐Azorín, D., Gazerani, P., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-024-01889-x · Cited by 212
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Maroufizadeh, S., Samani, R. O., Almasi‐Hashiani, A., Amini, P., & Sepidarkish, M. (2019) · Reproductive Health · doi:10.1186/s12978-019-0802-x · Cited by 139
Increased connectivity of pain matrix in chronic migraine: a resting-state functional MRI study
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Shin, C., Ko, Y.-H., An, H., Yoon, H.-K., & Han, C. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02613-0 · Cited by 100
Lee, S. H., Kang, Y., & Cho, S. (2017) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-017-0779-1 · Cited by 100
Increased suicidality in patients with cluster headache
Lee, M. J., Cho, S., Park, J. W., Chu, M. K., Moon, H., Chung, P., Chung, J. M., Sohn, J., Kim, B., Kim, B., et al. (2019) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102419845660 · Cited by 92
Rahman, M. A., Dhira, T. A., Sarker, A. R., & Mehareen, J. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0269634 · Cited by 113
A Scoping Review and Meta-Analysis of Anti-CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies: Predicting Response
Hong, J. B., Lange, K. S., Overeem, L. H., Triller, P., Raffaelli, B., & Reuter, U. (2023) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph16070934 · Cited by 89
“Lee et al. [63] assessed for depressive and anxiety symptoms using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) [84] and the General Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) [85] and defined the presence of depression or anxiety using a cutoff value.”
MethodZanella, C., Laures-Gore, J. S., Dotson, V. M., & Belagaje, S. R. (2022) · Topics in Stroke Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/10749357.2022.2070363 · Cited by 78
Depression comorbidity in migraine
Amoozegar, F. (2017) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2017.1326882 · Cited by 73
“These depression screening tools have been validated in a number of populations (Bjelland, Dahl, Haug, & Neckelmann, 2002; Manea, Gilbody, & McMillan, 2012; Maurer, 2012; Mitchell, 2012), but only one study so far has assessed a tool specifically in a migraine population (Seo, 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBisby, M. A., Karin, E., Scott, A. J., Dudeney, J. E., Fisher, A. C., Gandy, M., Hathway, T., Heriseanu, A. I., Staples, L., Titov, N., et al. (2022) · Pain Practice · doi:10.1111/papr.13107 · Cited by 62
Perceived stress in patients with migraine: a case-control study
Moon, H., Seo, J.-G., & Park, S.-P. (2017) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-017-0780-8 · Cited by 61
“Seo JG, Park SP (2015) Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and PHQ-2 in patients with migraine.”
MethodInfluentialBurrowes, S. A. B., Goloubeva, O. G., Stafford, K. A., McArdle, P. F., Goyal, M., Peterlin, B. L., Haythornthwaite, J. A., & Seminowicz, D. A. (2021) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002372 · Cited by 69
Lipton, R. B., Cohen, J. M., Galić, M., Seminerio, M. J., Yeung, P. P., Aycardi, E., BIGAL, M. E., Bibeau, K. B., & Buse, D. C. (2021) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.14097 · Cited by 58
“Current preventive medication use, n (%) 59 (20) 18 (23) 58 (21) 26 (27) 66 (22) 11 (16)”
Effect of Vitamin D Deficiency on the Frequency of Headaches in Migraine
Song, T., Chu, M. K., Sohn, J., Ahn, H. Y., Lee, S. H., & Cho, S. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.3988/jcn.2018.14.3.366 · Cited by 57
Altered pupillary light response scales with disease severity in migrainous photophobia
Cortez, M. M., Rea, N., Hunter, L. A., Digre, K. B., & Brennan, K. C. (2017) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102416673205 · Cited by 56
“Migraine subjects reported higher depression scores (PHQ-9) overall than NH, which was accounted for by higher PHQ-9 scores in PM and CM groups when compared to NH with pairwise analysis, though these differences did not meet statistical significance after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (Table 1).”
MethodInfluentialAndroulakis, X. M., MD, Krebs, K. A., Krebs, K. A., MS, Finkel, A. G., MD, Rorden, C., PhD, Norlund, R. D. N., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neurological Disorders · doi:10.4172/2329-6895.1000393 · Cited by 56
“A score of ≥ 15 on the PHQ-9 is associated with a 68% sensitivity and 95% specificity for diagnosing “major depressive disorder” based on the DSM-IV criteria [9-11].”
MethodLipton, R. B., Hutchinson, S., Ailani, J., Reed, M. L., Fanning, K. M., Manack Adams, A., & Buse, D. C. (2019) · Headache: The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.13642 · Cited by 51
“The PHQ-9 is composed of 9-items pertaining to depression.(26) Each item is rated on a 4-point scale, ranging from 0 (never) to 3 (nearly every day) for the preceding 2 weeks; overall scores range”
BackgroundWeight, gender, and depressive symptoms in S outh K orea
Brewis, A., Han, S., & SturtzSreetharan, C. (2017) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.22972 · Cited by 51
“…has been validated previously with several populations, including older adults (Han, Jo, Kwak, Pae, Steffens, Jo, & Park, 2008), clinical patients (Seo and Park, 2015), students (Yoon, Lee, Pae, Yoon, Patkar, Steffens, & Kim, 2014) and KoreanAmericans (Shin, Park, Cho, Chiu, Bang, H., &…”
Impaired functional connectivity of limbic system in migraine without aura
Wei, H., Chen, J., Chen, Y., Yu, Y., Zhou, G., Qu, L.-J., Yin, X., Li, J., & Zhang, H. (2019) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-019-00116-5 · Cited by 45
Miller, R. M., & Kaiser, R. S. (2018) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-018-0663-y · Cited by 42
Song, T., Cho, S., Kim, W., Yang, K. I., Yun, C., & Chu, M. K. (2019) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.13470 · Cited by 41
Lee, M. J., Park, B., Cho, S., Park, H., Kim, S., & Chung, C. (2019) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001676 · Cited by 41
“On the day of MR scan, all subjects completed a questionnaire about their headache frequencies of the latest month and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.44,55 Patients were asked about the presence of headache within 2 days before the day of the MR scan.”
MethodChoi, Y.-J., Kim, B., Chung, P., Lee, M. J., Park, J.-W., Chu, M. K., Ahn, J. Y., Kim, B., Song, T., Sohn, J., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0911-x · Cited by 39
“The total PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores ranged from 0 to 27 and 0 to 21, respectively [8, 9].”
BackgroundLee, H. C., Cho, S., & Kim, B. (2023) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-023-06683-2 · Cited by 39
“We assessed depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and a score > 7 was defined as the presence of depression [25].”
MethodKim, M., Jung, S., Park, J. E., Sohn, J. H., Seong, S. J., Kim, B., Chang, S. M., Hong, J. P., Hahm, B., & Yeom, C. (2023) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2023.0100 · Cited by 39
Winner, P. K., Blumenfeld, A. M., Eross, E. J., Orejudos, A. C., Mirjah, D. L., Adams, A. M., & Brin, M. F. (2019) · Drug Safety · doi:10.1007/s40264-019-00824-3 · Cited by 38
Pearl, T. A., Dumkrieger, G. M., Chong, C. D., Dodick, D. W., & Schwedt, T. J. (2020) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.13911 · Cited by 42
“—Symptoms of depression were evaluated using the Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ2), a 2-item questionnaire which has been validated in patients with migraine.(26) Each question is scored from 0 (“not at all”) to 3 (“nearly every day”).”
MethodReal-world efficacy of galcanezumab for the treatment of migraine in Korean patients
Kwon, S., Gil, Y., & Lee, M. J. (2022) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/03331024221076481 · Cited by 38
“At the baseline visit, the patients completed self-reported questionnaires including the Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6) (11) and Migraine Disability Assessment Test (MIDAS) (12) for life impact assessment due to headaches and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) (13), and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) (…”
MethodTele, A., Carvajal-Vélez, L., Nyongesa, V., Åhs, J. W., Mwaniga, S., Kathono, J., Yator, O., Njuguna, S., Kanyanya, I., Amin, N., et al. (2022) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.10.003 · Cited by 43
Cerebrovascular reactivity as a determinant of deep white matter hyperintensities in migraine
Lee, M. J., Park, B., Cho, S., Park, H., & Chung, C. (2019) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000006822 · Cited by 37
Dikmen, P. Y., Özge, A., & Martelletti, P. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16187 · Cited by 40
“The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI) is a widely used tool that assesses the severity of depression in patients by asking them to indicate their level of 21 different symptoms over the past 2 weeks [86].”
MethodCharacterization of Acute Prescription Migraine Medication Use
Hutchinson, S. L., Lipton, R. B., Ailani, J., Reed, M. L., Fanning, K. M., Adams, A. M., & Buse, D. C. (2020) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.11.025 · Cited by 35
The prevalence of depression and the accuracy of depression screening tools in migraine patients
Amoozegar, F., Patten, S. B., Becker, W. J., Bulloch, A. G. M., Fiest, K. M., Davenport, W. J., Carroll, C. R., & Jetté, N. (2017) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2017.06.006 · Cited by 34
D’Amico, D., Tepper, S. J., Guastafierro, E., Toppo, C., Leonardi, M., Grazzi, L., Martelletti, P., & Raggi, A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18010246 · Cited by 33
Significance of fatigue in patients with migraine
Seo, J.-G., & Park, S.-P. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.jocn.2018.01.032 · Cited by 36
Giuliani, M., Gorini, A., Barbieri, S., Veglia, F., & Tremoli, E. (2020) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2020.1830093 · Cited by 32
“…and specificity in several clinical population, such as in primary care patients (Arroll et al., 2010; Kroenke et al., 2003; Rancans et al., 2018), general hospital patients (Osorio et al., 2012), diabetic teen patients (Marker et al., 2019) and in patients with migraine (Seo & Park, 2015).”
BackgroundCan social media intervention improve physical activity of medical students?
Todorović, J., Terzić-Šupić, Z., Djikanović, B., Nešić, D., Piperac, P., & Stamenković, Ž. (2019) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2019.05.030 · Cited by 30
Shim, E., Park, A., & Park, S.-P. (2018) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-018-1894-4 · Cited by 29
“Depression was assessed according to the Korean version of Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) [34].”
MethodInfluentialGlobal assessment of migraine severity measure: preliminary evidence of construct validity
Sajobi, T. T., Amoozegar, F., Wang, M., Wiebe, N., Fiest, K. M., Patten, S. B., & Jetté, N. (2019) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1284-8 · Cited by 41
Krebs, K. A., Rorden, C., & Androulakis, X. M. (2018) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.13318 · Cited by 30
Vitamin D deficiency in patients with cluster headache: a preliminary study
Sohn, J., Chu, M. K., Park, K., Ahn, H. Y., & Cho, S. (2018) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0886-7 · Cited by 28
Longitudinal course and predictors of depressive symptoms in atopic dermatitis
Chatrath, S., Lei, D. K., Yousaf, M., Chavda, R., Gabriel, S., & Silverberg, J. I. (2022) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2022.04.061 · Cited by 28
Differences of Cluster Headache on the Basis of Sex in the Korean Cluster Headache Registry
Chung, P., Lee, M. J., Park, J., Sohn, J., Kim, B., Chu, M. K., Chung, J. M., Ahn, J., Choi, Y., Kim, S., et al. (2019) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.13637 · Cited by 28
Temporal changes of circadian rhythmicity in cluster headache
Lee, M. J., Cho, S., Park, J. W., Chu, M. K., Moon, H., Chung, P., Chung, J.-M., Sohn, J., Kim, B., Kim, B., et al. (2019) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102419883372 · Cited by 26
“Comorbid depression and anxiety were assessed using the Korean version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the General Anxiety Disorder-7 item scale (GAD-7) (14,15).”
MethodHughes, J. L., Grannemann, B. D., Trombello, J. M., Martin, W. B., Fuller, A. K., & Trivedi, M. H. (2021) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.12788/acp.0047 · Cited by 30
Song, T., Lee, M. J., Choi, Y.-J., Kim, B., Chung, P., Park, J.-W., Chu, M. K., Kim, B., Sohn, J., Oh, K., et al. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.3988/jcn.2019.15.3.334 · Cited by 24
Effects of Coping Flexibility in Young Women on Depressive Symptoms during Chronic Pain
Kato, T., Kadota, M., & Shimoda, S. (2019) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2019.1708250 · Cited by 24
“The reliability and validity of the PHQ-9 have been well established, even in people with chronic pain.(49) Cronbach’s alpha for the Japanese version of the PHQ-9 was 0.”
BackgroundPsychiatric comorbidities of migraine
(2024) · Handbook of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823357-3.00013-6 · Cited by 25
Gentili, C., Zetterqvist, V., Rickardsson, J., Holmström, L., Simons, L. E., & Wicksell, R. K. (2021) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnaa360 · Cited by 20
“The PHQ-9 has been validated for migraine patients [55] as well as chronically ill patients [56].”
Lupascu, N., Timar, B., Albai, A., Roman, D., Potre, O., & Timar, R. Z. (2019) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s203099 · Cited by 22
Foley, J., Jones, F. W., Hassett, A., & Williams, E. P. (2023) · The Police Journal Theory Practice and Principles · doi:10.1177/0032258x231183638 · Cited by 24
“The PHQ-9 is widely used and has demonstrated high levels of reliability and validity for identifying current levels of depression (e.g. Beard et al., 2016; Kocalevent et al., 2013; Martin et al., 2006; Seo and Park, 2015b).”
Hemicrania continua may respond to repetitive sphenopalatine ganglion block: A case report
Androulakis, X. M., Krebs, K. A., & Ashkenazi, A. (2016) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.12783 · Cited by 22
“using the standard questionnaire form and scored using each questionnaire specified guidelines.(13,14)”
MethodClinical factors influencing the impact of cluster headache from a prospective multicenter study
Sohn, J., Park, J., Lee, M. J., Chung, P., Chu, M. K., Chung, J. M., Ahn, J. Y., Kim, B., Kim, S. K., Choi, Y.-J., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59366-9 · Cited by 22
Aggression and its association with suicidality in migraine patients: a case-control study
Park, S.-P., & Seo, J.-G. (2018) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-018-0903-x · Cited by 20
“Seo JG, Park SP (2015) Validation of the patient health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and PHQ-2 in patients with migraine.”
MethodInfluentialSeo, J.-G., & Park, S.-P. (2018) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-018-3661-2 · Cited by 19
Cortez, M. M., Millsap, L., Rea, N., Sciarretta, C., & Brennan, K. C. (2021) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/03331024211010304 · Cited by 19
“Headache impact and affective symptoms were ascertained using the Headache Impact Test (HIT-6) (16), the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; to measure severity of symptoms related to depression) (17), and the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder tool (GAD-7; to measure severity of symptoms related to anxiety)…”
MethodPsychological impact of COVID‐19 on hospital workers in nursing care hospitals
Yang, S., Kwak, S. G., & Chang, M. C. (2020) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.628 · Cited by 18
Depression in epilepsy, migraine, and multiple sclerosis
Jetté, N., Amoozegar, F., & Patten, S. B. (2017) · Neurology Clinical Practice · doi:10.1212/cpj.0000000000000349 · Cited by 18
Park, H., Chu, M. K., Oh, S., Moon, H., Song, T., Lee, M. J., Kang, J., Hong, Y., Cho, S., & on behalf of the RELEASE investigators (2021) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/03331024211057184 · Cited by 19
“Based on the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scales, 55.9% and 35.3% of the patients had moderate/ severe depression and anxiety, respectively.”
MethodInfluentialMicoulaud‐Franchi, J., Bartoloméi, F., & McGonigal, A. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.038 · Cited by 16
Coffee consumption and migraine: a population-based study
Cho, S., Kim, K. M., & Chu, M. K. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-56728-5 · Cited by 15
Newman‐Norlund, R., Rorden, C., Maleki, N., Patel, M., Cheng, B., & Androulakis, X. M. (2020) · Women s Midlife Health · doi:10.1186/s40695-020-00055-y · Cited by 18
“A number of relevant clinical characteristics were recorded including: (1) duration of migraine history, (2) duration of CM history, (3) family history of migraine, (4) current medications, (5) number of moderate to severe headache days per month, (6) location of migraine, (7) presence of aura, (8) headache-related di…”
MethodPsychological and Behavioral Issues in the Management of Migraine in Children and Adolescents
Qubty, W. F., & Gelfand, A. A. (2016) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-016-0597-1 · Cited by 14
Lee, D. H., Kim, K. M., Cho, S., Kim, W., Yang, K. I., Yun, C., & Chu, M. K. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.102 · Cited by 14
Wei, H., Yu, Y., Wang, M.-Y., Zhou, G., Li, J., Zhang, H., & Zhou, Z. (2024) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-024-01812-4 · Cited by 13
“Anxiety, depression, and sleep quality were measured using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-Item (GAD-7) [34], Patient Health Questionnaire 9-Item (PHQ-9) [35], and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) [36], respectively.”
MethodLee, W., Min, I. K., Yang, K. I., Kim, D., Yun, C., & Chu, M. K. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-01107-7 · Cited by 14
Lu, Z., Dong, B.-Q., Wei, H., & Chen, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1002080 · Cited by 13
“Moreover, anxiety, depression and sleep conditions were measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 item (GAD7) (Seo and Park, 2015a), Personal Health Questionnaire-9 item (PHQ-9) (Seo and Park, 2015b) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) (Mollayeva et al., 2016) scales, respectively.”
MethodInfluentialThe Patient Health Questionnaire depression screener in spinal cord injury
Poritz, J. M. P., Mignogna, J., Christie, A. J., Holmes, S. A., & Ames, H. (2017) · Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine · doi:10.1080/10790268.2017.1294301 · Cited by 13
Petrie, K. A., Messman, B., Slavish, D. C., Moore, E. W. G., & Petrie, T. A. (2023) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102393 · Cited by 15
Sharp, N., Burish, M. J., Digre, K. B., Ailani, J., Fani, M., Lamp, S. J., & Schwedt, T. J. (2024) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-024-01756-9 · Cited by 13
A comparison of the PHQ-2 and MGMQ for screening for emotional health difficulties during pregnancy
Matthey, S., & Bilbao, F. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.069 · Cited by 12
“This too has been found across cultures outside of the perinatal time period for the PHQ-2 (eg., Kroenke et al., 2003; Seo and Park, 2015) and PHQ-9 (eg., Lotrakul et al., 2008; Sherina et al., 2012).”
BackgroundKim, H., He, Y., Pham, R., Ravelo, G. J., Rojas, P., Rodriguez, P., Castro, G., Barengo, N. C., Acuna, J. M., & Cyrus, E. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16071120 · Cited by 11
Pupil Cycle Time Distinguishes Migraineurs From Subjects Without Headache
Cortez, M. M., Rae, N., Millsap, L., McKean, N. O., & Brennan, K. C. (2019) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2019.00478 · Cited by 11
“Migraine subjects reported significantly more depression (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), and fatigue (FSS) related symptoms than NH controls.”
MethodOmaer, A., Albilali, A., Bamogaddam, R. F., Almutairi, F., Alsaif, R., Al-Mohammadi, O. S., & Alhifany, A. A. (2024) · Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2024.101989 · Cited by 10
“These include PHQ-9, HDRS, BDI-II, HARS, and GAD-7 (Kroenke et al., 2001; Bobo et al., 2016; Wang and Gorenstein, 2013; Spitzer et al., 2006; Seo and Park, 2015a; Maier et al., 1988; Park et al., 2020; Seo and Park, 2015b; O ’ Sullivan et al., 1997; Sharp, 2015).”
MethodThe state of art on the use of patient reported outcomes in migraine
Alpuente, A., Torres‐Ferrús, M., Caronna, E., & Pozo‐Rosich, P. (2024) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000001267 · Cited by 12
“It has two sub-scales, one for anxiety (HADS-A) and one for depression migraine patients [44].”
BackgroundGuo, Y., Chen, J., Hou, X., Xu, S., Ma, Y., Nie, S., Han, M., Zhang, Y., Lv, R., Hong, Y., et al. (2020) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146816 · Cited by 10
Predictors of galcanezumab response in a real-world study of Korean patients with migraine
Kim, S. A., Jang, H., & Lee, M. J. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-42110-4 · Cited by 10
“The final model showed chronic”
Concomitant Psychiatric Symptoms in Neurological Outpatients
Kim, J., Kim, Y., Bae, J. S., Lee, J.-H., & Song, H.-K. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16050860 · Cited by 10
“Based on previous studies, we set cut-off values for moderate to severe levels as follows: PSS ≥ 14 for perceived stress, PHQ9 ≥ 10 for depression, and GAD7 ≥ 10 for anxiety [11,13,14].”
MethodMungia, R., Funkhouser, E. M., Law, A., Nixdorf, D. R., Rubin, R., Gordan, V. V., Fellows, J. L., & Gilbert, G. H. (2025) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2025.105723 · Cited by 9
Karing, C., & Oeltjen, L. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06770-3 · Cited by 10
“Second, the PHQ (Kroenke & Spitzer, 2002) and GAD (Spitzer et al., 2006) are self-reported screening tools and provide only probable diagnoses of Major depressive disorder and Generalized anxiety disorder (e.g. Seo & Park, 2015).”
Nielsen, S., Lintzeris, N., Murnion, B. P., Degenhardt, L. J., Bruno, R., Haber, P., Johnson, J. S., Hardy, M., Ling, S., Sadler, C., et al. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12859 · Cited by 8
A lost track in ICHD 3 beta: A comprehensive review on osmophobia
Zanchin, G., Fuccaro, M., Battistella, P., Ermani, M., Mainardi, F., & Maggioni, F. (2016) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102416678390 · Cited by 8
Interpretation of the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 in High-Impact Chronic Pain
Aagaard, A., Ravn, S. L., Andersen, T. E., & Vægter, H. B. (2023) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000001142 · Cited by 7
The Role of Attachment Style, Adverse Childhood Experiences and Dissociation in Migraine
Mays, I., Flynn, J., McGuire, B. E., & Egan, J. (2021) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2021.1989114 · Cited by 8
Ryu, S. Y., Hong, Y. J., Ho, S. H., Jeong, J. H., Park, K. H., Kim, S., Wang, M. J., Choi, S. H., & Yang, D. W. (2022) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000523971 · Cited by 6
Binaural stimulation in migraine: preliminary results from a 3-month evening treatment
Lovati, C., Freddi, A., Muzio, F., & Pantoni, L. (2019) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-019-03803-9 · Cited by 6
Methodological challenges in using screening tools for depression in migraine: A systematic review
Asheer, J., Ali, F. A., Hilker, R. W., Videbech, P., & Schytz, H. W. (2025) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/03331024251317635 · Cited by 5
“This was especially the case in the studies using depression screening tools that have been validated in patients with migraine, such as the PHQ-9 and HADS (19,20,24).”
InfluentialDano, S., Lan, H. H., Macanovic, S., Bartlett, S. J., Howell, D., Li, M., Hanmer, J., Peipert, J. D., Novák, M., & Mucsi, I. (2022) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfac262 · Cited by 5
Hou, G., Zhang, S., Gao, M. J., Zheng, Y., Liu, N., Zhang, G., Meng, P., Hou, N., Wang, F., & Yuan, J. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115277 · Cited by 5
Ensemble Learning to Identify Depression Indicators for Korean Farmers
Park, J., Ahn, H., Youn, K., Lee, M., & Hong, S. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3327126 · Cited by 6
“A study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of PHQ-9 in a sample of patients diagnosed with migraine [31].”
BackgroundMethodMungia, R., Funkhouser, E. M., Law, A., Nixdorf, D. R., Lindquist, K., Caprio, D. S., Fellows, J. L., & Gilbert, G. H. (2025) · Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2025.106147 · Cited by 4
Brazilian headache registry: methods and preliminary data of the pilot study
Grassi, V., Jurno, M. E., Fröhlich, A. C., Rieder, C. R. D. M., Sarmento, E. M., Pereira, J. K., Silva, L. L., Barea, L. M., Poli, L. E. B., Queiroz, L. P., et al. (2023) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1055/s-0043-1771175 · Cited by 4
Siamisang, K., Phologolo, T., Mukuhwa, T., Schafrick, N. H., Mhaladi, B. B., Phuthego, B., Mmati, M., & Masupe, T. (2022) · South African Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v28i0.1671 · Cited by 4
Wei, H., Wei, C., Feng, Y., Yan, W., Yu, Y., Chen, Y., Yin, X., Li, J., & Zhang, H. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.108107 · Cited by 4
Dijkstra, J. I. R., van Elteren, M., Banstola, N. L., Shakya, L., Sigdel, H., & van Brakel, W. H. (2024) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0002654 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Seo, J.-G., & Park, S.-P.
- Affiliations
- Kyungpook National University (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Park, Sung-Pa
- Venue
- The Journal of Headache and Pain
- Published
- 2015-07-15
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 65-65
- ISSN
- 1129-2369 (ISSN-L)
- 1129-2377
- PMC
- PMC4501946
- OpenAlex
- W1512628111
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 7.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Headache and Pain (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Kyungpook National University
- Kyungpook National University Hospital
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Migraine and Headache Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Health Education and Validation
- Keywords
- PHQ-9, PHQ-2, migraine, major depressive disorder, depression screening, questionnaire validation, reliability statistics, sensitivity and specificity, migraine with aura
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Major Depressive Disorder, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Migraine Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Quality of Life, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
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