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Reported concepts for the treatment modalities and pain management of temporomandibular disorders
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Pain related to temporomandibular disorders (TMD) is a common problem in modern societies. The aim of the article is to present the concepts of TMD pain clinical management. METHODS: A survey was performed using the PubMed, SCOPUS and CINAHL databases for documents published between 1994 and 2014. The following search keywords were selected using MeSH terms of the National Library of Medicine in combination: TMD pain, TMD, TMJ, TMJ disorders, occlusal splint, TMD physiotherapy, TMJ rheumatoid disorders and TMJ surgery. Original articles and review papers which presented the clinical relevance and practical validity regarding the possibility of application in TMD management have been included. Authors have excluded articles without outstanding practical aspect and evidence-based background. A first selection was carried out by reviewing titles and abstracts of all articles found according to the criteria. After that the full texts of potentially suitable articles were assessed. In line with these criteria, among 11467 results the writers have included 66 papers. RESULTS: The most commonly reported conservative treatments are massage therapy and individually fabricated occlusal splints. In addition to massage, other popular methods include manual therapy and taping, warming/cooling of aching joints, and light and laser therapy. Drugs are also commonly used. In the most severe cases of the temporomandibular joint degeneration, surgical restoration of the joint is sometimes applied. CONCLUSIONS: The authors concluded that conservative treatment including counselling, exercises, occlusal splint therapy, massage, manual therapy and others should be considered as a first choice therapy for TMD pain because of their low risk of side effects. In the case of severe acute pain or chronic pain resulting from serious disorders, inflammation and/or degeneration pharmacotherapy, minimally invasive and invasive procedures should be considered.
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![Fig. 1 Treatment algorithm for the management of TMD-related pain (*The Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders by Schiffman et al. [1])](/paper-figures/5d9b7cda0a3b48e6b38ebfb7ce8d93c0/reported-concepts-for-the-treatment-modalities-and-pain-management-of-figure-1.jpg)
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“These interventions directly affect the muscular system, in order to reduce its excessive tension, and thus minimize pain in the area of the temporomandibular joints, and in muscles involved in the chewing process [1,3,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26].”
From The Application of Manual Techniques in Masticatory Muscles Relaxation as Adjunctive Therapy in the Treatment of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
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“Currently, temporomandibular disorders (TMD) refer to the causes responsible for the impaired function of the temporomandibular joints (TMJ) and the associated neuro-muscular system, which may provoke TMDrelated pain [1].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Wieckiewicz, M., Boening, K., Wiland, P., Shiau, Y.-Y., & Paradowska-Stolarz, A.
- Affiliations
- Wroclaw Medical University (PL)
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- University of Wrocław (PL)
- National Taiwan University (TW)
- Corresponding author
- Wieckiewicz, Mieszko
- Venue
- The Journal of Headache and Pain
- Published
- 2015-12
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 106-106
- ISSN
- 1129-2369 (ISSN-L)
- 1129-2377
- PMC
- PMC4671990
- OpenAlex
- W2194133106
- Cited by
- 359
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 47 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 5.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Headache and Pain (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Oral Surgery › Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Occupational health in dentistry
- Keywords
- temporomandibular disorders, temporomandibular joint pain, pain management, occlusal splint, massage, manual therapy, taping, laser therapy, pharmacotherapy, conservative treatment, temporomandibular joint surgery, TMJ degeneration, physiotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Exercise Therapy, Facial Pain, Humans, Massage, Temporomandibular Joint Disorders, Treatment Outcome, Occlusal Splints, Chronic Pain, Pain Management
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