The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Establishing a valid construct of fear of childbirth: findings from in-depth interviews with women and midwives
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures


Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“There are further implications for subsequent pregnancies, with some women developing a severe fear of childbirth as a result [10].”
From The birth trauma earthquake: A qualitative investigation of first-time mothers who perceived their birth as traumatic (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Using thematic analysis in psychology
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006) · Qualitative Research in Psychology · doi:10.1191/1478088706qp063oa · Cited by 194,414
Causes and outcomes in studies of fear of childbirth: A systematic review
Dencker, A., Nilsson, C., Begley, C., Jangsten, E., Mollberg, M., Patel, H., Wigert, H., Hessman, E., Sjöblom, H., & Sparud-Lundin, C. (2019) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2018.07.004 · Cited by 438 · cited 1×
“Also, this study only included 3 primiparous women, and although the themes generated were reflected in both groups, studies have suggested that the content of fears of childbirth might be different for primiparous and multiparous women [31], therefore this might warrant further exploration in future studies.”
ResultFear of childbirth and duration of labour: a study of 2206 women with intended vaginal delivery
Adams, S., Eberhard‐Gran, M., & Eskild, A. (2012) · BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2012.03433.x · Cited by 378
Worldwide prevalence of tocophobia in pregnant women: systematic review and meta‐analysis
O'Connell, M. A., Leahy‐Warren, P., Khashan, A. S., Kenny, L. C., & O'Neill, S. M. (2017) · Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aogs.13138 · Cited by 360
Research works printed but not linked: 27
- Wijma K, Wijma B, Zar M. Psychometric aspects of the W-DEQ; a new questionnaire for the measurement of fear of childbirth. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;19(2):84–97. · DOI
- Hofberg K, Ward MR. Fear of childbirth, tocophobia, and mental health in mothers: the obstetric-psychiatric interface. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2004;47(3):527–34. · DOI
- Elvander C, Cnattingius S, Kjerulff KH. Birth experience in women with Low, intermediate or high levels of fear: findings from the first baby study. Birth. 2013;40(4):289–96. · DOI
- Alehagen S, Wijma B, Wijma K. Fear of childbirth before, during, and after childbirth. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2006;85:56–62. · DOI
- Fenwick J, Gamble J, Nathan E, Bayes S, Hauck Y. Pre- and postpartum levels of childbirth fear and the relationship to birth outcomes in a cohort of Australian women. J of Clin Nurs. 2009;18(5):667–77. · DOI · Paper page
- Hall WA, Stoll K, Hutton EK, Brown H. A prospective study of effects of psychological factors and sleep on obstetric interventions, mode of birth, and neonatal outcomes among low-risk British Columbian women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2012;12:78. · DOI
- Dweik D, Girasek E, Toreki A, Meszaros G, Pal A. Women's antenatal preferences for delivery route in a setting with high cesarean section rates and a medically dominated maternity system. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2014;93(4):408–15. · DOI
- Ryding EL, Lukasse M, Parys AS, Wangel AM, Karro H, Kristjansdottir H, Schroll AM, Schei B, Bidens group. Fear of childbirth and risk of cesarean delivery: a cohort study in six European countries. Birth. 2015;42(1):48–55. · DOI · Paper page
- Stoll K, Hall WA. Attitudes and preferences of young women with Low and high fear of childbirth. Qual Health Res. 2013;23(11):1495–505. · DOI
- Waldenström U, Hildingsson I, Ryding EL. Antenatal fear of childbirth and its association with subsequent caesarean section and experience of childbirth. BJOG. 2006;113(6):638–46. · DOI · Paper page
- Johnson R, Slade P. Does fear of childbirth during pregnancy predict emergency caesarean section? BJOG. 2002;109(11):1213–21. · DOI · Paper page
- O'Connor TG, Heron J, Glover V. (2002). Antenatal anxiety predicts child behavioral/emotional problems independently of postnatal depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2002;41(12):1470–7. · DOI
- Ven den Bergh BRH. The influence of maternal emotions during pregnancy on detal and neonatal behavior. J Prenat Perinat Psychol Health. 1990;52(1):119–30.
- Størksen HT, Eberhard-Gran M, Garthus-Niegel S, Eskild A. Fear of childbirth; the relation to anxiety and depression. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012;91(2):237–42. · DOI
- Rondung E, Thomtén J, Sundin Ö. (2016). Psychological perspectives on fear of childbirth. J Anx Dis. 2016;44:80–91. · DOI
- Richens Y, Lavender T, Smith DM. Fear of birth in clinical practice: a structured review of current measurement tools. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2018;16:98–112. · DOI
- O’Brien S, Garbett H, Burden C, Winter C, Siassakos D. Provision of mental health support and caesarean birth for women with fear of childbirth: a national survey. Eur J Obstet Gynecol and Reprod Biol. 2017;211:214–5. · DOI
- Richens Y, Hindley C, Lavender T. A national online survey of UK maternity unit service provision for women with fear of birth. Brit J Midwifery. 2015;23(8):574–9. · DOI · Paper page
- Lukasse M, Schei B, Ryding EL, Bidens Study Group. Prevalence and associated factors of fear of childbirth in six European countries. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2014;5(3):99–106. · DOI
- Nilsson C, Hessman E, Sjöblom H, Dencker A, Jangsten E, Molberg M, Patel H, Sparud-Lundin C, Wigert H, Begley C. Definitions, measurements and prevalence of fear of childbirth: a systematic review. BMC Preg Childbirth. 2018. 18:28; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-1659-7 · DOI
- Roosevelt L, Low LK. Exploring fear of childbirth in the United States through a qualitative assessment of the Wijma delivery expectancy questionnaire. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2016;45(1):28–38. · DOI
- Sheen K, Slade P. Examining the content and moderators of women's fears for giving birth: a meta-synthesis. J Clin Nurs. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14219 . · DOI
- American Psychological Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (V). Washington DC; 2013. · DOI · Paper page
- Beck CT, Watson S. Subsequent childbirth after a previous traumatic birth. Nurs Res. 2010;59(4):241–9. · DOI
- Eriksson C, Jansson L, Hamburg K. Women’s experiences of intense fear related to childbirth investigated in a Swedish qualitative study. Midwifery. 2006;22(3):240–8. · DOI
- Elliott SA, Rugg AJ, Watson JP, Brough DI. Mood changes during pregnancy and after the birth of a child. Br J Clin Psychol. 1983;22(4):295–308. · DOI
- Størksen HT, Garthus-Niegel S, Adams SS, Vangen S, Eberhard-Gran M. Fear of childbirth and elective caesarean section: a population-based study. BMC pregnancy and childbirth. 2015 Dec;15(1):221. · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nursing interventions to facilitate the grieving process after perinatal death: a systematic review
Fernández-Férez, A., Ventura-Miranda, M. I., Camacho-Ávila, M., Fernández-Caballero, A., Granero-Molina, J., Fernández-Medina, I. M., & Requena-Mullor, M. D. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115587 · Cited by 40
Mixed‐method study of women’s assessment and experience of childbirth care
Donate‐Manzanares, M., Rodríguez‐Cano, T., Rodríguez‐Almagro, J., Hernández‐Martínez, A., Santos‐Hernández, G., & Beato‐Fernández, L. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14984 · Cited by 16
Howard, S., Houghton, C. M. G., White, R., Fallon, V., & Slade, P. (2023) · Psychology & Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2021.2024190 · Cited by 22
“Increased screening and more ecologically valid assessment of FoC and anxiety (Slade et al., 2019, 2021) during pregnancy may also help women and the professionals to become more aware of their needs and provide adequate support (evans et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationBailey, E. C., Barry, Z., Buabeng, R., Fellows, R. E., Khazaezadeh, N., Rajasingam, D., Silverio, S. A., & Sheen, K. S. (2026) · Women and Birth · doi:10.1016/j.wombi.2026.102171
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Slade, P., Balling, K., Sheen, K., & Houghton, G.
- ORCID
- Slade, P.
- Venue
- BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth
- Published
- 2019-03-18
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 1471-2393
- PMC
- PMC6423809
- Cited by
- 88
- References
- 4
- Language
- en
- Funders
- Liverpool Clinical Commissioning Group
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review