The reliability and validity of PHQ-9 in patients with major depressive disorder in psychiatric hospital
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: To assess the reliability and validity of Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and to assess the feasibility of its use in psychiatric hospitals in China. METHODS: One hundred nine outpatients or inpatients with MDD who qualified the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM-IV) criteria completed PHQ-9 and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17). Two weeks after the initial evaluation, 54 randomly selected patients underwent repeat assessment using PHQ-9. For validity analysis, the construct validity and criterion validity were assessed. The internal concordance coefficient and the test-retest correlation coefficients were used for reliability analysis. The correlation between total score and scores for each item and the correlation between scores for various items were evaluated using Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Principal components factor analysis showed good construct validity of the PHQ-9. PHQ-9 total score showed a positive correlation with HAMD-17 total score (r = 0.610, P < 0.001). With HAMD as the standard, PHQ-9 depression scores of 7, 15, and 21 points were used as cut-offs for mild, moderate, and severe depression, respectively. Consistency assessment was conducted between the depression severity as assessed by PHQ-9 and HAMD (Kappa = 0.229, P < 0.001). Intraclass correlation coefficient between PHQ-9 total score and HAMD total score was 0.594 (95% confidence interval, 0.456-0.704, P < 0.001). The Cronbach's α coefficient of PHQ-9 was 0.892. Correlation coefficients between each item score and the total score ranged from 0.567-0.789 (P < 0.01); the correlation coefficient between various item scores ranged from 0.233-0.747. The test-retest correlation coefficient for total score was 0.737. CONCLUSIONS: PHQ-9 showed good reliability and validity, and high adaptability for patients with MDD in psychiatric hospital. It is a simple, rapid, effective, and reliable tool for screening and evaluation of the severity of depression.
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PHQ-9 measures symptoms of depression with good internal consistency (α=0.89) and test-retest reliability 0.74.
“The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) (Spitzer et al., 1999) measures symptoms of depression with good internal consistency ( α = 0.89) and a test-retest reliability of 0.74 (Sun et al., 2020).”
From Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for inpatients with psychosis –an acceptability and feasibility single case AB designed study (2022) · cites this paper as Sun et al., 2020
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- Authors
- Sun, Y., Fu, Z., Bo, Q., Mao, Z., Ma, X., & Wang, C.
- Affiliations
- Capital Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Bo, Qijing
- Venue
- BMC Psychiatry
- Published
- 2020-09-29
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 474-474
- ISSN
- 1471-244X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7525967
- OpenAlex
- W3089946977
- Cited by
- 343
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 54 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 79 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 11
- FWCI
- 29.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Square (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Beijing Municipal Administration of Hospitals Clinical Medicine Development of Special Funding Support (ZYLX201807)
- Beijing Hospitals Authority Youth Programme (QML20171901)
- Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality (7192081)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81901355)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Keywords
- PHQ-9, major depressive disorder, depression severity assessment, depression screening, test-retest reliability, construct validity, criterion validity, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, psychiatric inpatients, Chinese patients
- MeSH terms
- Patient Health Questionnaire, China, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Hospitals, Psychiatric, Humans, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results
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