CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1Alcoholism and Thiamine DeficiencyGenetic Associations and EpidemiologyNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

ANK3 rs10994336 and ZNF804A rs7597593 polymorphisms: genetic interaction for emotional and behavioral symptoms of alcohol withdrawal syndrome

Open access
Shen, Guanghui, Chen, Li, Liu, Yanlong, Zhu, Qi, Kang, Yimin, Luo, Xinguang, Wang, Fan, Wang, Wei·2024·BMC Psychiatry
DOI 10.1186/s12888-024-05787-zPMC PMC11067186
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Objective: Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a complex condition associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD), characterized by significant variations in symptom severity among patients. The psychological and emotional symptoms accompanying AWS significantly contribute to withdrawal distress and relapse risk. Despite the importance of neural adaptation processes in AWS, limited genetic investigations have been conducted. This study primarily focuses on exploring the single and interaction effects of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the ANK3 and ZNF804A genes on anxiety and aggression severity manifested in AWS. By examining genetic associations with withdrawal-related psychopathology, we ultimately aim to advance understanding the genetic underpinnings that modulate AWS severity. Methods: The study involved 449 male patients diagnosed with alcohol use disorder. The Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) were used to assess emotional and behavioral symptoms related to AWS. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood, and genotyping was performed using PCR. Results: Single-gene analysis revealed that naturally occurring allelic variants in ANK3 rs10994336 (CC homozygous vs. T allele carriers) were associated with mood and behavioral symptoms related to AWS. Furthermore, the interaction between ANK3 and ZNF804A was significantly associated with the severity of psychiatric symptoms related to AWS, as indicated by MANOVA. Two-way ANOVA further demonstrated a significant interaction effect between ANK3 rs10994336 and ZNF804A rs7597593 on anxiety, physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hostility. Hierarchical regression analyses confirmed these findings. Additionally, simple effects analysis and multiple comparisons revealed that carriers of the ANK3 rs10994336 T allele experienced more severe AWS, while the ZNF804A rs7597593 T allele appeared to provide protection against the risk associated with the ANK3 rs10994336 mutation. Conclusion: This study highlights the gene-gene interaction between ANK3 and ZNF804A, which plays a crucial role in modulating emotional and behavioral symptoms related to AWS. The ANK3 rs10994336 T allele is identified as a risk allele, while the ZNF804A rs7597593 T allele offers protection against the risk associated with the ANK3 rs10994336 mutation. These findings provide initial support for gene-gene interactions as an explanation for psychiatric risk, offering valuable insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in AWS.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s12888-024-05787-z

Cites

2 of 2 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 59

  1. [1]Grant BF Stinson FS Dawson DA Chou SP Dufour MC Compton W Pickering RP Kaplan K Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: results from the national epidemiologic survey on Alcohol and related conditions Arch Gen Psychiatry 2004 61 8 807 16 10.1001/archpsyc.61.8.807 15289279 · DOI · Paper page
  2. [2]Lotzin A Grundmann J Hiller P Pawils S Schafer I Profiles of Childhood Trauma in Women with Substance Use disorders and Comorbid Posttraumatic stress disorders Front Psychiatry 2019 10 674 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00674 31681026 PMC6813657 · DOI
  3. [3]Hou L Guo Y Lian B Wang Y Li C Wang G Li Q Pang J Sun H Sun L Synaptic ultrastructure might be involved in HCN(1)-Related BDNF mRNA in withdrawal-anxiety after ethanol dependence Front Psychiatry 2018 9 215 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00215 29896126 PMC5986948 · DOI
  4. [4]Walker LC Kastman HE Krstew EV Gundlach AL Lawrence AJ Central amygdala relaxin-3/relaxin family peptide receptor 3 signalling modulates alcohol seeking in rats Br J Pharmacol 2017 174 19 3359 69 10.1111/bph.13955 28726252 PMC5595761 · DOI
  5. [5]Abulseoud OA Camsari UM Ruby CL Kasasbeh A Choi S Choi DS Attenuation of ethanol withdrawal by ceftriaxone-induced upregulation of glutamate transporter EAAT2 Neuropsychopharmacology 2014 39 7 1674 84 10.1038/npp.2014.14 24452391 PMC4023140 · DOI
  6. [6]Wedekind D Neumann K Falkai P Malchow B Engel KR Jamrozinski K Havemann-Reinecke U S100B and homocysteine in the acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011 261 2 133 8 10.1007/s00406-010-0121-2 20593192 PMC3046349 · DOI
  7. [7]Becker HC Alcohol dependence, withdrawal, and relapse Alcohol Res Health 2008 31 4 348 61 23584009 PMC3860472
  8. [8]Liang J Olsen RW Alcohol use disorders and current pharmacological therapies: the role of GABA(A) receptors Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014 35 8 981 93 10.1038/aps.2014.50 25066321 PMC4125717 · DOI
  9. [9]Metten P Crabbe JC Alcohol withdrawal severity in inbred mouse (Mus musculus) strains Behav Neurosci 2005 119 4 911 25 10.1037/0735-7044.119.4.911 16187819 · DOI
  10. [10]Tateno M Saito T Biological studies on alcohol-induced neuronal damage Psychiatry Investig 2008 5 1 21 7 10.4306/pi.2008.5.1.21 20046404 PMC2796092 · DOI
  11. [11]N’Gouemo P Morad M Alcohol withdrawal is associated with a downregulation of large-conductance ca(2)(+)-activated K(+) channels in rat inferior colliculus neurons Psychopharmacology 2014 231 9 2009 18 10.1007/s00213-013-3346-8 24241791 PMC3988246 · DOI
  12. [12]Nixon K Crews FT Binge ethanol exposure decreases neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus J Neurochem 2002 83 5 1087 93 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01214.x 12437579 · DOI
  13. [13]Smith KR Kopeikina KJ Fawcett-Patel JM Leaderbrand K Gao R Schurmann B Myczek K Radulovic J Swanson GT Penzes P Psychiatric risk factor ANK3/ankyrin-G nanodomains regulate the structure and function of glutamatergic synapses Neuron 2014 84 2 399 415 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.10.010 25374361 PMC4223651 · DOI
  14. [14]Deans PJM Raval P Sellers KJ Gatford NJF Halai S Duarte RRR Shum C Warre-Cornish K Kaplun VE Cocks G Psychosis risk candidate ZNF804A localizes to synapses and regulates neurite formation and dendritic spine structure Biol Psychiatry 2017 82 1 49 61 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.08.038 27837918 PMC5482321 · DOI
  15. [15]Kloth K Lozic B Tagoe J Hoffer MJV Van der Ven A Thiele H Altmuller J Kubisch C Au PYB Denecke J ANK3 related neurodevelopmental disorders: expanding the spectrum of heterozygous loss-of-function variants Neurogenetics 2021 22 4 263 9 10.1007/s10048-021-00655-4 34218362 PMC8426245 · DOI
  16. [16]Huang CY Rasband MN Axon initial segments: structure, function, and disease Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018 1420 1 46 61 10.1111/nyas.13718 29749636 PMC5992072 · DOI
  17. [17]Peters LL John KM Lu FM Eicher EM Higgins A Yialamas M Turtzo LC Otsuka AJ Lux SE Ank3 (epithelial ankyrin), a widely distributed new member of the ankyrin gene family and the major ankyrin in kidney, is expressed in alternatively spliced forms, including forms that lack the repeat domain J Cell Biol 1995 130 2 313 30 10.1083/jcb.130.2.313 7615634 PMC2199924 · DOI
  18. [18]Roby Y ANK3 gene polymorphisms and bipolar disorder: a meta-analysis Psychiatr Genet 2017 27 6 225 35 10.1097/YPG.0000000000000186 29068871 · DOI
  19. [19]Athanasiu L Mattingsdal M Kahler AK Brown A Gustafsson O Agartz I Giegling I Muglia P Cichon S Rietschel M Gene variants associated with schizophrenia in a Norwegian genome-wide study are replicated in a large European cohort J Psychiatr Res 2010 44 12 748 53 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.02.002 20185149 PMC3224994 · DOI
  20. [20]Bi C Wu J Jiang T Liu Q Cai W Yu P Cai T Zhao M Jiang YH Sun ZS Mutations of ANK3 identified by exome sequencing are associated with autism susceptibility Hum Mutat 2012 33 12 1635 8 10.1002/humu.22174 22865819 · DOI
  21. [21]Linke J Witt SH King AV Nieratschker V Poupon C Gass A Hennerici MG Rietschel M Wessa M Genome-wide supported risk variant for bipolar disorder alters anatomical connectivity in the human brain NeuroImage 2012 59 4 3288 96 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.083 22079454 · DOI
  22. [22]Castaneda F Rosin-Steiner S Jung K Functional genomics analysis of low concentration of ethanol in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Role of genes involved in transcriptional and translational processes Int J Med Sci 2006 4 1 28 35 17211498 PMC1752234
  23. [23]O’Donovan MC Craddock N Norton N Williams H Peirce T Moskvina V Nikolov I Hamshere M Carroll L Georgieva L Identification of loci associated with schizophrenia by genome-wide association and follow-up Nat Genet 2008 40 9 1053 5 10.1038/ng.201 18677311 · DOI · Paper page
  24. [24]Zhou Y Dong F Lanz TA Reinhart V Li M Liu L Zou J Xi HS Mao Y Interactome analysis reveals ZNF804A, a schizophrenia risk gene, as a novel component of protein translational machinery critical for embryonic neurodevelopment Mol Psychiatry 2018 23 4 952 62 10.1038/mp.2017.166 28924186 PMC5868632 · DOI
  25. [25]Hill MJ Jeffries AR Dobson RJ Price J Bray NJ Knockdown of the psychosis susceptibility gene ZNF804A alters expression of genes involved in cell adhesion Hum Mol Genet 2012 21 5 1018 24 10.1093/hmg/ddr532 22080834 · DOI
  26. [26]Steinberg S Mors O Borglum AD Gustafsson O Werge T Mortensen PB Andreassen OA Sigurdsson E Thorgeirsson TE Bottcher Y Expanding the range of ZNF804A variants conferring risk of psychosis Mol Psychiatry 2011 16 1 59 66 10.1038/mp.2009.149 20048749 PMC3242031 · DOI
  27. [27]Esslinger C Kirsch P Haddad L Mier D Sauer C Erk S Schnell K Arnold C Witt SH Rietschel M Cognitive state and connectivity effects of the genome-wide significant psychosis variant in ZNF804A NeuroImage 2011 54 3 2514 23 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.10.012 20946959 · DOI
  28. [28]Zhang X Sun H Wang F Niculescu M Shen G Zhou S Yang F Chen YH Chen L Wang W The Interaction between genetic variant ZNF804A rs1344706 and Alcohol Withdrawal on Impulsivity: evidence for the diathesis-stress model Front Psychiatry 2021 12 761237 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.761237 35046850 PMC8761668 · DOI
  29. [29]Calabro M Mandelli L Crisafulli C Nicola MD Colombo R Janiri L Lee SJ Jun TY Wang SM Masand PS ZNF804A gene variants have a cross-diagnostic influence on psychosis and treatment improvement in Mood disorders Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci 2020 18 2 231 40 10.9758/cpn.2020.18.2.231 32329304 PMC7242106 · DOI
  30. [30]Sun Y Zhao LY Wang GB Yue WH He Y Shu N Lin QX Wang F Li JL Chen N ZNF804A variants confer risk for heroin addiction and affect decision making and gray matter volume in heroin abusers Addict Biol 2016 21 3 657 66 10.1111/adb.12233 25708696 · DOI
  31. [31]Nestor PG O’Donovan K Lapp HE Hasler VC Boodai SB Hunter R Risk and protective effects of serotonin and BDNF genes on stress-related adult psychiatric symptoms Neurobiol Stress 2019 11 100186 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100186 31440532 PMC6700400 · DOI
  32. [32]Liu J Dai Q Li W Guo Y Dai A Wang Y Deng M Tang Z She L Chen X Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms with gestational diabetes mellitus-a case control study in Wuhan, China BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021 21 1 142 10.1186/s12884-021-03621-y 33596840 PMC7887796 · DOI
  33. [33]Shen G Yang S Wu L Chen Y Hu Y Zhou F Wang W Liu P Wu F Liu Y The oxytocin receptor rs2254298 polymorphism and alcohol withdrawal symptoms: a gene-environment interaction in mood disorders Front Psychiatry 2023 14 1085429 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1085429 37520225 PMC10380931 · DOI
  34. [34]Khemiri L Brynte C Konstenius M Guterstam J Rosendahl I Franck J Jayaram-Lindstrom N Self-rated impulsivity in healthy individuals, substance use disorder and ADHD: psychometric properties of the Swedish barratt impulsiveness scale BMC Psychiatry 2021 21 1 458 10.1186/s12888-021-03462-1 34537043 PMC8449879 · DOI
  35. [35]Maxwell JP Development and preliminary validation of a Chinese version of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire in a population of Hong Kong Chinese J Pers Assess 2007 88 3 284 94 10.1080/00223890701317004 17518550 · DOI
  36. [36]Kiive E Laas K Vaht M Veidebaum T Harro J Stressful life events increase aggression and alcohol use in young carriers of the GABRA2 rs279826/rs279858 A-allele Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017 27 8 816 27 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.02.003 28237505 · DOI · Paper page
  37. [38]Corvino M Tessitore A Minganti C Sibila M Effect of Court dimensions on players’ external and internal load during small-sided Handball games J Sports Sci Med 2014 13 2 297 303 24790482 PMC3990882
  38. [39]Sharpe MJ, Batchelor HM, Schoenbaum G. Preconditioned cues have no value. Elife 2017, 6. PMC5619948 28925358
  39. [40]Cho CH Kim S Geum D Lee HJ Association analysis of ANK3 variants with bipolar disorder in the Korean population Nord J Psychiatry 2017 71 4 245 9 10.1080/08039488.2016.1268202 28079488 · DOI
  40. [41]Delvecchio G Dima D Frangou S The effect of ANK3 bipolar-risk polymorphisms on the working memory circuitry differs between loci and according to risk-status for bipolar disorder Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015 168B 3 188 96 10.1002/ajmg.b.32294 25711502 · DOI
  41. [42]Gella A Segura M Durany N Pfuhlmann B Stober G Gawlik M Is ankyrin a genetic risk factor for psychiatric phenotypes? BMC Psychiatry 2011 11 103 10.1186/1471-244X-11-103 21702894 PMC3143918 · DOI
  42. [43]Zhang C Cai J Zhang J Li Z Guo Z Zhang X Lu W Zhang Y Yuan A Yu S Genetic modulation of working memory deficits by ankyrin 3 gene in schizophrenia Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014 50 110 5 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.12.010 24361380 · DOI
  43. [44]Hatzimanolis A Smyrnis N Avramopoulos D Stefanis CN Evdokimidis I Stefanis NC Bipolar disorder ANK3 risk variant effect on sustained attention is replicated in a large healthy population Psychiatr Genet 2012 22 4 210 3 10.1097/YPG.0b013e328353ae79 22498896 PMC5744587 · DOI
  44. [45]Ruberto G Vassos E Lewis CM Tatarelli R Girardi P Collier D Frangou S The cognitive impact of the ANK3 risk variant for bipolar disorder: initial evidence of selectivity to signal detection during sustained attention PLoS ONE 2011 6 1 e16671 10.1371/journal.pone.0016671 21304963 PMC3031622 · DOI
  45. [47]Yoon S Piguel NH Penzes P Roles and mechanisms of ankyrin-G in neuropsychiatric disorders Exp Mol Med 2022 54 7 867 77 10.1038/s12276-022-00798-w 35794211 PMC9356056 · DOI
  46. [48]Le-Niculescu H Roseberry K Gill SS Levey DF Phalen PL Mullen J Williams A Bhairo S Voegtline T Davis H Precision medicine for mood disorders: objective assessment, risk prediction, pharmacogenomics, and repurposed drugs Mol Psychiatry 2021 26 7 2776 804 10.1038/s41380-021-01061-w 33828235 PMC8505261 · DOI · Paper page
  47. [49]Rangaraju S Levey DF Nho K Jain N Andrews KD Le-Niculescu H Salomon DR Saykin AJ Petrascheck M Niculescu AB Mood, stress and longevity: convergence on ANK3 Mol Psychiatry 2016 21 8 1037 49 10.1038/mp.2016.65 27217151 PMC9798616 · DOI
  48. [50]Chang EH Kirtley A Chandon TS Borger P Husain-Krautter S Vingtdeux V Malhotra AK Postnatal neurodevelopmental expression and glutamate-dependent regulation of the ZNF804A rodent homologue Schizophr Res 2015 168 1–2 402 10 10.1016/j.schres.2015.06.023 26164821 PMC4591171 · DOI
  49. [51]Kranzler HR Soyka M Diagnosis and pharmacotherapy of Alcohol Use Disorder: a review JAMA 2018 320 8 815 24 10.1001/jama.2018.11406 30167705 PMC7391072 · DOI · Paper page
  50. [52]Gilpin NW Herman MA Roberto M The central amygdala as an integrative hub for anxiety and alcohol use disorders Biol Psychiatry 2015 77 10 859 69 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.008 25433901 PMC4398579 · DOI · Paper page
  51. [53]Zhang C Xiao X Li T Li M Translational genomics and beyond in bipolar disorder Mol Psychiatry 2021 26 1 186 202 10.1038/s41380-020-0782-9 32424235 · DOI
  52. [54]Nelson AD Jenkins PM The splice is right: ANK3 and the Control of Cortical Circuits Biol Psychiatry 2016 80 4 263 5 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.06.006 27468628 PMC5103303 · DOI
  53. [55]Rasetti R Weinberger DR Intermediate phenotypes in psychiatric disorders Curr Opin Genet Dev 2011 21 3 340 8 10.1016/j.gde.2011.02.003 21376566 PMC3138621 · DOI
  54. [56]Gurung R Prata DP What is the impact of genome-wide supported risk variants for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder on brain structure and function? A systematic review Psychol Med 2015 45 12 2461 80 10.1017/S0033291715000537 25858580 · DOI
  55. [57]Mallas E Carletti F Chaddock CA Shergill S Woolley J Picchioni MM McDonald C Toulopoulou T Kravariti E Kalidindi S The impact of CACNA1C gene, and its epistasis with ZNF804A, on white matter microstructure in health, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder(1) Genes Brain Behav 2017 16 4 479 88 10.1111/gbb.12355 27790829 · DOI
  56. [58]Ikuta T Peters BD Guha S John M Karlsgodt KH Lencz T Szeszko PR Malhotra AK A schizophrenia risk gene, ZNF804A, is associated with brain white matter microstructure Schizophr Res 2014 155 1–3 15 20 10.1016/j.schres.2014.03.001 24685285 PMC4060886 · DOI
  57. [59]Hughes T Hansson L Sonderby IE Athanasiu L Zuber V Tesli M Song J Hultman CM Bergen SE Landen M A loss-of-function variant in a minor isoform of ANK3 protects against bipolar disorder and Schizophrenia Biol Psychiatry 2016 80 4 323 30 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.09.021 26682468 · DOI
  58. [60]Bergmann O Haukvik UK Brown AA Rimol LM Hartberg CB Athanasiu L Melle I Djurovic S Andreassen OA Dale AM ZNF804A and cortical thickness in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder Psychiatry Res 2013 212 2 154 7 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.01.007 23562677 · DOI
  59. [61]Cheng Y Xu J Dong C Shen Z Zhou C Li N Lu Y Ran L Xu L Shan B Age-related atrophy of cortical thickness and genetic effect of ANK3 gene in first episode MDD patients Neuroimage Clin 2020 28 102384 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102384 32911427 PMC7490581 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Shen, G., Chen, L., Liu, Y., Zhu, Q., Kang, Y., Luo, X., Wang, F., & Wang, W.
Affiliations
  • Wenzhou Medical University (CN)
  • Inner Mongolia Medical University (CN)
  • Yale University (US)
  • Peking University (CN)
Corresponding author
  • Luo, Xinguang
  • Wang, Fan
  • Wang, Wei
ORCID
Venue
BMC Psychiatry
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2024-05-03
Volume
24
Issue
1
Pages
335-335
ISSN
1471-244X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s12888-024-05787-z
PMC
PMC11067186
OpenAlex
W4396614427
Cited by
1
References
2
Citations by year
2025: 1
FWCI
0.27
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • BMC Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Technology Support Project of Xinjiang (2017E0267)
  • Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (2018D01C228)
  • Tianshan Youth Project–Outstanding Youth Science and Technology Talents of Xinjiang (2017Q007)
  • Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (7152074)
  • Science and Technology Program of Wenzhou (Y20190098)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Alcoholism and Thiamine Deficiency
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords
alcohol withdrawal, gene-gene interaction, single nucleotide polymorphisms, alcoholism, anxiety, aggression, emotional and behavioral problems, genetic susceptibility, protective alleles, male patients, withdrawal severity, anger-hostility, verbal and physical aggression
MeSH terms
Adult, Aggression, Alcoholism, Alleles, Anxiety, Behavioral Symptoms, Epistasis, Genetic, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Ankyrins, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review