The effect of a very brief smoking-reduction intervention in smokers who have no intention to quit: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Tobacco use is one of the most common preventable causes of death, but more than half of the Chinese men still use tobacco products. Moreover, 63.6% of Chinese smokers have stated that they would not consider quitting. Specialized and intensive smoking-cessation services are too expensive and passive to have major clinical and public health impacts in developing countries like China. Smoking cessation medications are not covered by medical insurance, and their high price prevents Chinese smokers from using them. Brief interventions are needed to provide cost-effective and timesaving tobacco dependence treatments in China mainland. METHODS/DESIGN: We describe a two-arm randomized controlled trial for smokers who have no intention to quit. The project will be conducted in outpatient clinics at a large hospital in Beijing, China. Both arms include one face-to-face interview plus five follow-up interventions. Each intervention will last approximately one minute. Subjects allocated to the smoking-reduction intervention arm (SRI) will be advised to reduce smoking consumption to at least half of their current consumption level within the next month. All subjects in the SRI will be warned to bear in mind that an attempt to reduce smoking is an intermediate step before complete cessation. Smokers who have successfully reduced their smoking consumption will be encouraged to completely cease smoking. Controls are subjects allocated to the exercise- and diet-advice arm (EDA) and will be given advice about healthy diet and physical activity, but the advice will not include smoking cessation or reduction. Data collection will be done at baseline and at each follow-up interview using standardized questionnaires. The primary outcomes include self-reported and biochemically verified 7-day point prevalence and prolonged abstinence rates at 12-month follow-up. DISCUSSION: We expect that an intention to quit in smoking outpatients can be motivated by physicians in the clinic setting. If this very brief smoking-reduction intervention can be demonstrated to have a positive impact on long-term smoking cessation, this strategy has the potential to be a viable and acceptable approach and may be used widely in China and elsewhere. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02370147 (date of registration: 23 th February, 2015).
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Medication effects are modest in size for smoking cessation.
“and smoking cessation [7]”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire
HEATHERTON, T. F., KOZLOWSKI, L. T., FRECKER, R. C., & FAGERSTROM, K. (1991) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x · Cited by 10,738 · see citing works
Physician advice for smoking cessation
Stead, L. F., Buitrago, D., Preciado, N., Sanchez, G., Hartmann-Boyce, J., & Lancaster, T. (2013) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000165.pub4 · Cited by 1,955 · see citing works
A Clinical Practice Guideline for Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update
(2008) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.04.009 · Cited by 1,410 · see citing works
Measuring processes of change: Applications to the cessation of smoking.
Prochaska, J. O., Velicer, W. F., DiClemente, C. C., & Fava, J. L. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.56.4.520 · Cited by 1,108 · see citing works
Individual behavioural counselling for smoking cessation
Lancaster, T., & Stead, L. F. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001292.pub2 · Cited by 1,015 · see citing works
Measuring processes of change: Applications to the cessation of smoking.
Prochaska, J. O., Velicer, W. F., DiClemente, C. C., et al. (1988) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.56.4.520 · Cited by 842 · see citing works
Mortality from smoking in developed countries 1950-2000
Kinlen, L. J. (1996) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1996.46 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
Aveyard, P., Begh, R., Parsons, A., & West, R. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03770.x · Cited by 390 · see citing works
[Smoking and passive smoking in Chinese, 2002].
Yang, G., Ma, J., Liu, N., & Zhou, L.-N. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 306 · see citing works
What to Do With a Patient Who Smokes
Schroeder, S. A. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.4.482 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Process of smoking cessation. Implications for clinicians.
Prochaska, J. O., & Goldstein, M. G. (1991) · PubMed · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use
Lindson, N., Hartmann‐Boyce, J., Fanshawe, T. R., Begh, R. A., Farley, A., & Lancaster, T. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005231.pub3 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Bolliger, C. T. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7257.329 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Prochaska, J. O., & Goldstein, M. G. (1991) · Clinics in Chest Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0272-5231(21)00820-0 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Behavioural interventions for smoking cessation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Mottillo, S., Filion, K. B., Bélisle, P., Joseph, L., Gervais, A., O'Loughlin, J., Paradis, G., Pihl, R., Pilote, L., Rinfret, S., et al. (2009) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehn552 · Cited by 171 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In general, commonly used behavioral intervention categories fall into two categories: brief or minimal interventions and intensive interventions [9].”
BackgroundThe feasibility of smoking reduction: an update
Hughes, J. R., & Carpenter, M. J. (2005) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01174.x · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Wennike, P., Danielsson, T., Landfeldt, B., Westin, Å., & Tønnesen, P. (2003) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00489.x · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Miller, C. L., Wakefield, M. A., & Roberts, L. (2003) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.12.suppl_2.ii53 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Is there a health benefit of reduced tobacco consumption? A systematic review
Pisinger, C. H., & Godtfredsen, N. S. (2007) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200701365327 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Chinese Physicians and Their Smoking Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices
Jiang, Y., Ong, M. K., Tong, E. K., Yang, Y., Nan, Y., Gan, Q., & Hu, T.-W. (2007) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.02.037 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Lam, T.-H., Abdullah, A. S. M., Chan, S. S. C., & Hedley, A. J. (2004) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1971-y · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Do smoking reduction interventions promote cessation in smokers not ready to quit?
Asfar, T., Ebbert, J. O., Klesges, R. C., & Relyea, G. E. (2011) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.02.003 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Interventions to reduce harm from continued tobacco use
Stead, L. F., & Lancaster, T. (2007) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005231.pub2 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Batra, A., Klingler, K., Landfeldt, B., Friederich, H., Westin, Å., & Danielsson, T. (2005) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clpt.2005.08.019 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Rg, C., & Leeder, S. R. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Chan, S. S. C., Leung, D. Y. P., Abdullah, A. S. M., Wong, V. T., Hedley, A. J., & Lam, T. (2011) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03363.x · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Findings from 2010 Global Adult Tobacco Survey: Implementation of MPOWER Policy in China
Yang, G., Li, Q., Wang, C., Hsia, J., Yang, Y., Xiao, L., Yang, J., Zhao, L., Zhang, J., & Xie, L. H. (2010) · Biomedical and Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0895-3988(11)60002-0 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Smokers' interest in using nicotine replacement to aid smoking reduction
Shiffman, S. M., Hughes, J. R., Ferguson, S. G., Pillitteri, J. L., Gitchell, J. G., & Burton, S. L. (2007) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200701648441 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Quitting smoking in China: findings from the ITC China Survey
Jiang, Y. Z., Elton‐Marshall, T., Fong, G. T., & Li, Q. (2010) · Tobacco Control · doi:10.1136/tc.2009.031179 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Long-Term Results of a Smoking Reduction Program
Glasgow, R. E., Gaglio, B., Estabrooks, P. A., Marcus, A. C., Ritzwoller, D. P., Smith, T. L., Levinson, A. H., Sukhanova, A., O’Donnell, C. I., Ferro, E. F., et al. (2008) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e31817e18d1 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Hart, C., Gruer, L. D., & Bauld, L. (2013) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwt038 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Absolute Risk of Tobacco Deaths: One in Two Smokers Will Be Killed by Smoking
Lam, T. H. (2012) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2012.1927 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Findings from 2010 Global Adult Tobacco Survey： Implementation of MPOWER Policy in China
Gong-Huan, Yang, Y., Qiang, Q., Li, Cong-Xiao, Wang, Jason, J., Hsia, Yan, Lin, et al. (2010) · 生物医学与环境科学：英文版 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Controlled smoking versus abstinence as a treatment goal: The hopes and fears may be unfounded
Glasgow, R. E., Morray, K., & Lichtenstein, E. H. (1989) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(89)80119-4 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Practical experiences in smoking reduction and cessation
Bolliger, C. T. (2000) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.95.1s1.2.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Zhu, W., Yang, L., Jiang, C. Q., Deng, L.-Z., Lam, T., Zhang, J. Y., & Chan, S. S. C. (2009) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdp107 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Value to smokers of improved cessation products: Evidence from a willingness-to-pay survey
Busch, S. H., Falba, T. A., Duchovny, N., Jofre‐Bonet, M., O’Malley, S. S., & Sindelar, J. L. (2004) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1080/14622200410001727885 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Stop smoking clinics in Malaysia: characteristics of attendees and predictors of success
Wee, L. H., Shahab, L., Bulgiba, A. M., & West, R. (2010) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.11.011 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Hsueh, K.-C., Chen, C.-Y., Yang, Y., & Huang, C. (2010) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/0163278709356185 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Lin, P., Zhao, Z., Cheng, K. K., & Lam, T. (2013) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdt018 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Wang, C., Cho, B.-K., Xiao, D., Wajsbrot, D., & Park, P. W. (2013) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.12121 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Practical experiences in smoking reduction and cessation
Bolliger, C. T. (2000) · Addiction · doi:10.1080/09652140032035 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Xiao, D., Zhong, N., Bai, C., Xiu, Q., Xie, C., Hu, D., Mao, Y., Perfekt, R., Kruse, E., Li, Q., et al. (2014) · Frontiers of Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11684-014-0311-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Who Provides Gynecologic Care?
Shiang, E. L., Epstein, A. M., & Goldman, L. (1985) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(18)31431-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
How far should we promote smoking reduction in order to promote smoking cessation?
Abdullah, A. S. M. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Friend, D. G. (1965) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt196565689 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [32]Lam TH Abdullah AS Chan SS Hedley AJ Hong Kong council on smoking and health Smoking Cessation Health Centre (SCHC) steering group. Adherence to nicotine replacement therapy versus quitting smoking among Chinese smokers: a preliminary investigation Psychopharmacology(Berl) 2005 4 400 408 10.1007/s00213-004-1971-y 15289997 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Smoking reduction interventions for smoking cessation
Lindson, N., Klemperer, E., Hong, B., Ordóñez-Mena, J. M., & Aveyard, P. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013183.pub2 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Mahoney, J. J., Hanlon, C. A., Marshalek, P. J., Rezai, A. R., & Krinke, L. (2020) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2020.117149 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Wu, L., He, Y., Jiang, B., Zhang, D., Tian, H., Zuo, F., & Lam, T. H. (2017) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13908 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Joly, B., Perriot, J., d’Athis, P., Chazard, E., Brousse, G., & Quantin, C. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184800 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Chen, Y., Lv, Y., Yang, X., Yin, Q., Bai, L., Luo, Y., Sharma, M., & Zhao, Y. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16203882 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Chirila, S. I., Grasa, C., Gurgas, L., Cristurean, C. V., Hanzu-Pazara, L., & Hangan, T. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60121985 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Panda, R., Mahapatra, S., Gaurav, K., Pati, S., & Mathur, M. R. (2017) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/2050312117697173 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
sup, J. S. S., sup, Y. C. S., Zhang, Z., Cao, Y., & Zhang, L. (2023) · Tobacco Induced Diseases · doi:10.18332/tid/170753 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Brain Stimulation Methods for Substance Use Disorders
Padda, K. S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-26445-0_6
- Authors
- Wu, L., He, Y., Jiang, B., Zhang, D., Tian, H., Zuo, F., Lam, T. H., & Cheung, Y. T. D.
- Affiliations
- Chinese PLA General Hospital (CN)
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- He, Yao
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2015-04-25
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 418-418
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4443634
- OpenAlex
- W2058643688
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 2 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 0.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81373080)
- Shanxi Scholarship Council of China
- General Hospital of People’s Liberation Army
- Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission (81373080)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Keywords
- smoking cessation, tobacco dependence, long-term abstinence, Chinese smokers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, China, Cost-Benefit Analysis, Counseling, Female, Health Education, Health Promotion, Humans, Male, Motivation, Outpatients, Tobacco Use Disorder, Program Evaluation, Smoking Cessation, Intention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
