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Cited by 39Nutritional Studies and DietGestational Diabetes Research and ManagementMaternal and Neonatal Healthcare

Maternal macronutrient and energy intake during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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Khammarnia, Mohammad, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, kakhki, Fatemeh Govahi, Clark, Cain Craig Truman, Barahouei, Fatemeh Bagher·2024·BMC Public Health
DOI 10.1186/s12889-024-17862-xPMC PMC10870573
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Abstract

Background: Nutritional status during pregnancy can have a significant impact on infant and maternal health outcomes. To maintain maternal homeostasis and support fetal growth, adequate macronutrient and energy intake during pregnancy is essential. Therefore, this study sought to systematically review and meta-analyze macronutrient and energy intakes during pregnancy. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was carried out based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. The required data were collected from four databases including: Web of Sciences, ProQuest, Scopus, and PubMed, from 1 January 1980 to 30 May 2023, by using a combination of search terms (dietary pattern" OR "diet quality" OR "food habits" OR "nutrition surveys" OR "diet surveys" OR "food-frequency questionnaire" OR "diet record" OR "dietary recall") AND ( "pregnancy" OR "reproduction" OR "maternal health" OR "neonatal outcomes") among interventional and observational studies. Excel and STATA version 11 were used for data analysis. Results: Among 7081 published articles, 54 studies were included in the review. Most of the 33 (61%) studies were cohort studies and a total of 135,566 pregnant women were included. The overall average of energy, carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake was 2036.10 kcal/day, 262.17 gr/day, 74.17 gr/day, and 78.21 gr/day, respectively. Also, energy intake during pregnancy was higher in American (2228.31 kcal/day, CI95%: 2135.06–2325.63) and Eastern Mediterranean regions (2226.70 kcal/day, CI95%: 2077.23–2386.92) than other regions (P < 0.001). Energy intake was higher in the third trimester than others (2115.64 kcal/day, CI95%: 1974.15–2267.27). Furthermore, based on the findings, there was a significant difference between energy intake in different World Health Organization (WHO) regions (P < 0.05). Conclusions: According to the results of meta-analysis, the average total energy was below than average total energy required during pregnancy. More efforts are needed to encourage women to adopt healthy eating habits during pregnancy to support healthy fetal and infant development.

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  • High energy intake and imbalances in protein, fat, and carbohydrate ratios contribute to insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and increased metabolic risk.

    “There is evidence that high energy intake and imbalances in protein, fat, and carbohydrate ratios contribute to insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and increased metabolic risk (4).”

    From Maternal nutritional status and the risk of metabolic syndrome in pregnancy: implications for public health nutrition (2026) · cites this paper as [4]

    The Discussion (page not provided) links excessive saturated-fat consumption during pregnancy to insulin resistance and later cardiovascular disease in offspring. It does not establish that high energy intake or imbalanced protein, fat, and carbohydrate ratios cause those outcomes, and it does not mention dyslipidemia. The claim also omits the paper’s pregnancy and offspring context. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Sorted by citations

Authors
Khammarnia, M., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., kakhki, F. G., Clark, C. C. T., & Barahouei, F. B.
Affiliations
  • Zahedan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Coventry University (GB)
Corresponding author
kakhki, Fatemeh Govahi
ORCID
Venue
BMC Public Health
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2024-02-15
Volume
24
Issue
1
Pages
478-478
ISSN
1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s12889-024-17862-x
PMC
PMC10870573
OpenAlex
W4391844087
Cited by
39
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 6
FWCI
3.45
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Pure (Coventry University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
Keywords
maternal nutrition, energy intake, macronutrient intake, pregnancy, dietary intake, carbohydrate intake, dietary fat intake, protein intake, third trimester, maternal health, infant outcomes, WHO regions, dietary surveys, food frequency questionnaire, dietary records, dietary recall, dietary habits, diet quality, fetal growth
MeSH terms
Nutrients, Energy Intake, Child, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Nutritional Status, Pregnancy, Cohort Studies, Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena

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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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