Prevalence and factors associated with loneliness among Indonesian female adolescents: a cross-sectional study
Open accessAbstract
Background: Loneliness, or the perception of social disconnectedness, is a public health concern and is reported to be a frequent experience during adolescence (10–19 years). This study investigates the prevalence of loneliness and associated health-risk behaviors among Indonesian female adolescents. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, data for which were extracted from the WHO’s Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS), which uses a globally standardized cross-sectional methodology to provide accurate data on behaviors and protective factors among students. Data from 4993 female students aged 13–17 years old from 74 schools were extracted from the 2015 survey in Indonesia and analyzed. Loneliness was used as a single measure, as happens in other studies using GSHS data. Descriptive analysis was done for age, socioemotional issues, health-risk behaviors, and contextual factors. This was followed by multiple logistic regression analysis to identify loneliness-associated factors. Results: Approximately 6.5% of Indonesian female adolescents experience loneliness most of the time or always. Adolescents experiencing loneliness had a higher rate of sleep disturbance (37.6%), suicide ideation (21%), suicide plan (20.8%), smoking behavior (15%), and alcohol use (15.7%) than the general population. Multiple regression analysis confirms that adolescents who have no close friends, have been bullied during the past month, experience sleep disturbance, have had suicide ideation and suicide plans, are always feeling hungry, are exposed to passive smoking, and are engaged in a sedentary lifestyle are at a higher likelihood of suffering from loneliness (p < 0.05). On the other hand, having kind and helpful classmates served as a useful protection against loneliness (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The rate of loneliness in Indonesian female adolescents is relatively lower than previously reported elsewhere. Several health-risk behaviors and contextual factors are associated with loneliness. It is important to gain insight into the exact interplay between factors and loneliness since that could inform future intervention development and lead to better well-being among female adolescents.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This cross-sectional study of 4,993 Indonesian female adolescents aged 13–17 found that 6.5% reported loneliness most of the time or always. Loneliness was associated with sleep disturbance, having no close friends, bullying, suicidal ideation/plan, hunger, passive smoking, and sedentary lifestyle, while kind and helpful classmates were protective.
Key findings
- The overall prevalence of loneliness among Indonesian female adolescents was 6.5% (323/4,993).
- In adjusted logistic regression, higher odds of loneliness were found for sleep disturbance (AOR = 7.02, 95% CI = 4.78–10.30), no close friends (AOR = 3.80, 95% CI = 2.06–7.02), suicide plan (AOR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.41–3.92), suicide ideation (AOR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.01–2.74), being bullied (AOR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.20–2.22), always feeling hungry (AOR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.21–3.43), sedentary lifestyle (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.16–2.00), and passive smoking (AOR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.05–2.04).
- Having kind and helpful classmates was protective against loneliness (AOR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.49–0.86).
- Adolescents experiencing loneliness had higher rates of sleep disturbance (37.6%), suicide ideation (21%), suicide plan (20.8%), smoking behavior (15%), and alcohol use (15.7%) than the general population.
Methods
- Cross-sectional analysis of data from the 2015 Indonesian Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS); 4,993 female students aged 13–17 years from 74 junior and senior high schools were included after excluding missing cases, with a response rate of 94% of the total GSHS population.
- Loneliness was assessed using a single GSHS item asking how often the respondent felt lonely in the past 12 months; the paper states that “some of the time and/or always” was considered lonely, while the abstract and results describe loneliness as “most of the time or always.”
- Descriptive analysis, Chi-square tests, and multiple logistic regression were performed using Stata.
Limitations
- Stated: the GSHS is conducted only in schools, so findings do not represent all female adolescents in Indonesia; including out-of-school female adolescents may generate different results.
- Stated: loneliness was used as a single-item measure and the absence of covariates has been previously reported as limiting; the cross-sectional design makes it difficult to measure causation.
- Evident from the text: all measures come from self-reported survey items in a single wave, so recall or social-desirability bias may affect responses and temporal order cannot be established; the paper also notes that the direction of association for bullying and suicidal behavior is unclear.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
1 of 6 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
Adolescents who perceived that other students were kind and helpful had a lower rate of loneliness (5.1%).
“On the other hand, a significantly lower rate was found among adolescents with parents who understood their problem (5.4%) and those who perceived that other students were kind and helpful (5.1%).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Excluding missing cases did not introduce bias into the prevalence and association estimates.
- Findingown data
Adolescents with parents who understood their problem had a lower rate of loneliness (5.4%).
“On the other hand, a significantly lower rate was found among adolescents with parents who understood their problem (5.4%) and those who perceived that other students were kind and helpful (5.1%).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Excluding missing cases did not introduce bias into the prevalence and association estimates.
- Findingown data
Adolescents experiencing loneliness had a higher rate of sleep disturbance (37.6%) than the general population.
“Adolescents experiencing loneliness had a higher rate of sleep disturbance (37.6%), suicide ideation (21%), suicide plan (20.8%), smoking behavior (15%), and alcohol use (15.7%) than the general population.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Excluding missing cases did not introduce bias into the prevalence and association estimates.
- Findingown data
Female adolescents with suicidal ideation had higher adjusted odds of loneliness (AOR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.01-2.74) than those without suicidal ideation.
“those with suicidal ideation were 1.6 times more likely to be lonely (AOR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.01–2.74).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Excluding missing cases did not introduce bias into the prevalence and association estimates.
- Findingown data
Adolescents experiencing loneliness had a higher rate of suicide plan (20.8%) than the general population.
“Adolescents experiencing loneliness had a higher rate of sleep disturbance (37.6%), suicide ideation (21%), suicide plan (20.8%), smoking behavior (15%), and alcohol use (15.7%) than the general population.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Excluding missing cases did not introduce bias into the prevalence and association estimates.
- Findingown data
Female adolescents with a sedentary lifestyle had higher adjusted odds of loneliness (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.16-2.00).
“Likewise, those with a sedentary lifestyle (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.16–2) and those exposed to passive smoking (AOR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.05–2.04) were also independently associated with loneliness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Excluding missing cases did not introduce bias into the prevalence and association estimates.
- Findingown data
Female adolescents who had ever had a suicide plan had higher adjusted odds of loneliness (AOR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.41-3.92) than those who never had a suicide plan.
“Adolescents who have ever had a suicide plan were twice as likely to feel loneliness (AOR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.41–3.92) compared to those who have never had any suicide plan”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Excluding missing cases did not introduce bias into the prevalence and association estimates.
- Findingown data
Female adolescents who had been bullied had higher adjusted odds of loneliness (AOR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.20-2.22) than those who had never been bullied.
“Those who had been bullied were also 1.6 times more likely to feel lonely (AOR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.20–2.22) compared to those who had never been bullied.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Excluding missing cases did not introduce bias into the prevalence and association estimates.
- Findingown data
Female adolescents who experience sleep disturbance had higher adjusted odds of loneliness (AOR = 7.02, 95% CI = 4.78-10.30) than those without sleep problems.
“Female adolescents who experience sleep disturbance were seven times more likely to feel lonely (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 7.02, 95% CI = 4.78–10.30) than those who did not have any sleep problems”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Excluding missing cases did not introduce bias into the prevalence and association estimates.
- Findingown data
Female adolescents exposed to passive smoking had higher adjusted odds of loneliness (AOR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.05-2.04).
“Likewise, those with a sedentary lifestyle (AOR = 1.53, 95% CI = 1.16–2) and those exposed to passive smoking (AOR = 1.46, 95% CI = 1.05–2.04) were also independently associated with loneliness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Excluding missing cases did not introduce bias into the prevalence and association estimates.
- Findingown data
Adolescents experiencing loneliness had a higher rate of smoking behavior (15%) than the general population.
“Adolescents experiencing loneliness had a higher rate of sleep disturbance (37.6%), suicide ideation (21%), suicide plan (20.8%), smoking behavior (15%), and alcohol use (15.7%) than the general population.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Excluding missing cases did not introduce bias into the prevalence and association estimates.
- Findingown data
The prevalence of loneliness among Indonesian female adolescents aged 13-17 years was 6.5%.
“Approximately 6.5% of Indonesian female adolescents experience loneliness most of the time or always.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The overall rate of loneliness among Indonesian female adolescents was 6.5%.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“A prevalence of 6.5% of feeling mostly or always lonely was found in this study population.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Excluding missing cases did not introduce bias into the prevalence and association estimates.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Findingown data
Adolescents experiencing loneliness had a higher rate of alcohol use (15.7%) than the general population.
“Adolescents experiencing loneliness had a higher rate of sleep disturbance (37.6%), suicide ideation (21%), suicide plan (20.8%), smoking behavior (15%), and alcohol use (15.7%) than the general population.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Excluding missing cases did not introduce bias into the prevalence and association estimates.
- Findingown data
Female adolescents with no close friends had higher adjusted odds of loneliness (AOR = 3.80, 95% CI = 2.06-7.02) than those with a close friend.
“those with no close friends were almost four times more likely to feel loneliness (AOR = 3.80, 95% CI = 2.06–7.02) compared to those who have a close friend.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Excluding missing cases did not introduce bias into the prevalence and association estimates.
- Findingown data
Female adolescents who often felt hungry had higher adjusted odds of loneliness (AOR = 2.03, 95% CI = 1.21-3.43).
“Feeling hungry often for any reason was also associated with higher odds of loneliness (AOR = 2.03 (1.21–3.43).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Excluding missing cases did not introduce bias into the prevalence and association estimates.
- Interpretationreasoning
The study's findings do not represent all female adolescents in Indonesia because the GSHS is only conducted in schools.
“This study's limitations include that it was focused on adolescent females in schools because the GSHS is only conducted in those environments and, as such, findings do not represent all female adolescents in the country.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 4
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 8
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe prevalence of loneliness among Indonesian female adolescents is lower than that reported in ASEAN countries (7.8%), some African countries (Morocco 25.1%, Tanzania 17.4%), Latin American and Caribbean countries (14.6%), the USA (14.4%), and Russia (14.7%).
“This finding is lower than that reported among female adolescents in ASEAN countries at 7.8% [8] and is even significantly lower than in some African countries, such as Morocco (25.1%) [6] and Tanzania (17.4%) [7]. It is also significantly lower than in the Latin American and the Caribbean countries (14.6%) [5], as well as the USA (14.4%) and Russia (14.7%) [27].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [8] Peltzer K, Pengpid S. Loneliness and health risk behaviors among ASEAN adolescents. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci. 2017;11(3):1–7. source
Section 4.1 (page unavailable) reports that 7.8% of adolescents across seven ASEAN countries were mostly or always lonely. That figure is for the full sample, not female adolescents specifically. The other countries’ figures are attached to different citations in the citing sentence and are not judged against this source. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [6] Pengpid S, Peltzer K. Prevalence and associated factors of loneliness among a national sample of in-school adolescents in Morocco. J Psychol Afr. 2021;31(3):303–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2021.1928918. source
- cites [5] Sauter SR, Kim LP, Jacobsen KH. Loneliness and friendlessness among adolescents in 25 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Child Adolesc Ment Health. 2020;25(1):21–7. source
- Rests on an assumption: Excluding missing cases did not introduce bias into the prevalence and association estimates.
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataAdolescents experiencing loneliness had a higher rate of suicide ideation (21%) than the general population.
“Adolescents experiencing loneliness had a higher rate of sleep disturbance (37.6%), suicide ideation (21%), suicide plan (20.8%), smoking behavior (15%), and alcohol use (15.7%) than the general population.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Excluding missing cases did not introduce bias into the prevalence and association estimates.
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataHaving kind and helpful classmates was protective against loneliness (AOR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.49-0.86).
“On the other hand, having kind and helpful friends was protective against loneliness (AOR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.49–0.86).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Excluding missing cases did not introduce bias into the prevalence and association estimates.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationThe GSHS applied a two-stage cluster sampling to ensure an even representation of all students in junior and senior high schools aged 13-17 years in Indonesia.
“The GSHS applied a two-stage cluster sampling to ensure an even representation of all students in junior and senior high schools aged 13–17 years in Indonesia.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] World Health Organization (WHO). Global School-based Student Health Survey [Internet]. NCD Microdata Repository. 2016. https://extranet.who.int/ncdsmicrodata/index.php/catalog/GSHS.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe cross-sectional design makes it difficult to measure causation.
“The cross-sectional design also makes it difficult to measure causation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe GSHS uses a globally standardized cross-sectional methodology to provide accurate data on behaviors and protective factors among students.
“The GSHS uses a globally standardized cross-sectional methodology to provide accurate data on behaviors and protective factors among students [21].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] World Health Organization (WHO). Global School-based Student Health Survey [Internet]. NCD Microdata Repository. 2016. https://extranet.who.int/ncdsmicrodata/index.php/catalog/GSHS.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe GSHS study in Indonesia adhered to the GSHS study protocols and was approved by the government of Indonesia.
“The GSHS study in Indonesia adhered to the GSHS study protocols and was approved by the government of Indonesia.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenThe response rate was 94% of the total GSHS population.
“The response rate was 94% of the total GSHS population.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe Indonesian National Institute of Health Research and Development ethical review board approved the GSHS, and a study permit was obtained from the Indonesian Ministry of Internal Affairs.
“The Indonesian National Institute of Health Research and Development ethical review board approved the GSHS, and a study permit was obtained from the Indonesian Ministry of Internal Affairs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThe factors associated with loneliness are numerous, interrelated, and bidirectional as causes and effects of loneliness.
“The associated factors are numerous, interrelated, and bidirectional as causes and effects of loneliness.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Excluding missing cases did not introduce bias into the prevalence and association estimates.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationLoneliness can be used as a single-item measure if survey space and time are major constraints.
“According to guidance from Snape and Martin [22], loneliness can be used as a single-item measure if survey space and time are major constraints.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Snape and Martin [22] Snape D, Martin G. Measuring loneliness: guidance for use of the national indicators on surveys. Off Natl Stat. 2018;1–10. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/methodologies/measuringlonelinessguidanceforuseofthenationalindicatorsonsurveys.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
The paper relies on this without support.
This is the first study among Indonesian female adolescents to investigate the prevalence of loneliness and associated health-risk behaviors.
“This is the first study among Indonesian female adolescents to investigate the prevalence of loneliness and associated health-risk behaviors.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 2015 Indonesian GSHS is the most recent survey available.
“The data were extracted from the most recent Indonesian Global School-based Student Health Survey (GSHS) of 2015.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Excluding missing cases did not introduce bias into the prevalence and association estimates.
“After excluding missing cases, 4.993 female respondents were included for statistical analysis in our study.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Handwashing subgroup loneliness percentage does not match its counts
MinorTwelve of 84 students is approximately 14.3%, not the reported 15.3%.
Reported 15.3 · recomputed 14.285714
“| Never or rarely was hand before eating | 84 (1.7) | 12 (15.3) | 8.62 | 0.003 |”
Fruit-consumption odds ratio has an inconsistent significance marker
MinorThe unadjusted odds ratio is marked ***, which the note defines as p < 0.001, but Table 1 reports p = 0.009 for the same association.
“| Does not eat fruit | 1.58 (1.11–2.23)*** | 1.31 (0.87–1.96) |”
“| Does not eat fruit | 423 (8.5) | 40 (9.5) | 6.82 | 0.009 |”
Physically attacked percentage is tenfold too low
MinorThe table reports 1,110 students as 2.2% of the 4,993-student sample, but 1,110 is approximately 22.2% of that total.
Reported 2.2 · recomputed 22.231124
“| Physically attacked | 1110 (2.2) | 109 (9.8) | 25.5 | 0.0001 |”
Current alcohol use has an inconsistent significance marker
MinorThe unadjusted odds ratio is marked ***, meaning p < 0.001 under the table note, whereas Table 1 gives p = 0.002.
“| Current alcohol use | 2.75 (1.43–5.29)*** | 1.41 (0.53–3.74) |”
“| Current alcohol use | 70 (1.4) | 11 (15.7) | 10.02 | 0.002 |”
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“The significant contribution of positive social relationships has also been consistently reported elsewhere [5, 6, 11], and our study shows that adolescent girls without close friends are 3.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAntunes, J. T., Machado, Í. E., & Malta, D. C. (2021) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.1016/j.jped.2021.04.004 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Amu, H., Seidu, A., Agbemavi, W., Ahinkorah, B. O., Ameyaw, E. K., Amoah, A., Dadzie, L. K., & Kissah-Korsah, K. (2020) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-020-00580-w · Cited by 13 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The finding that food insecurity may cause loneliness has also been found among Tanzanian adolescents [7, 34].”
BackgroundPengpid, S., & Peltzer, K. (2021) · Journal of Psychology in Africa · doi:10.1080/14330237.2021.1928918 · Cited by 13 · cited 4× · see citing works
“The significant contribution of positive social relationships has also been consistently reported elsewhere [5, 6, 11], and our study shows that adolescent girls without close friends are 3.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMarthoenis, M., & Schouler‐Ocak, M. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal · doi:10.1007/s10560-022-00818-8 · Cited by 12 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The questions, response options, and coding scheme can be found in our previous report using a similar database [24].”
MethodSeidu, A. (2020) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/17280583.2020.1811287 · Cited by 11 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Other studies using the GSHS data have used loneliness among adolescents as a single-item measure [8, 11, 23].”
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- StataCorp. Stata statistical software: release 13. Collage Station: StataCorp LP; 2013.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bao, X., Guo, T., Xu, L., Chen, W., Luan, L., Yang, H., & Zhang, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1427560 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Adolescents who experience loneliness are 37.6% more likely to develop sleep disorders and have a 21% higher likelihood of experiencing suicidal ideation when compared with the general population (26).”
BackgroundInfluentialLu, A., Chan, A., Menon, T., Le, G. H., Wong, S., Ho, R., Lo, H. K. Y., Rhee, T. G., Lim, P. K., Guillen-Burgos, H. F., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.03.150 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Liang, Z., Wen, W., Guan, L., Zhang, X., Zou, L., Gu, Q., Liu, J., Yu, X., Wu, K., & Huang, Y. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.11.048 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Suanrueang, P., Peltzer, K., Лхамсүрэн, З., & Yap, L. K. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-39452-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…are consistent with those of previous studies, including a study in schools in countries of the Western Pacific islands 37 , a study of adolescents in four Caribbean countries 38 , and a study of Indonesian female adolescents 10 , which all found that violence was associated with loneliness.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSarfika, R., Malini, H., Wenny, B. P., Kustanti, C. Y., Saifudin, I. M. M. Y., Putri, D. E., Wijaya, N. E., & Efendi, F. (2025) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.70092 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Mallari, E. F. I., & Peltzer, K. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23387 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Psychosocial stressors and determinants of loneliness among school-going adolescents globally
Rahman, M. A. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.093 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Cheah, Y. K. (2024) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2024.2326532 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Moreover, Marthoenis et al. (2022) established that sedentary lifestyle increased the odds of loneliness by 53%.”
InfluentialRodrigues, J. F. R., Rodrigues, L. P., Teshima, T., Yang, S., Wu, Y., Hu, X., Abarca, G. I. F., da Cruz, K. C. T., Serna-Rodríguez, M. F., Rubatino, F. V. M., et al. (2026) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.70165 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Sixteen cross-sectional studies were included in the meta-analysis about the association between suicidal ideation and loneliness [104, 113, 121, 122, 124, 138, 153, 162, 164, 172, 227, 229, 233, 235, 236, 246].”
Adamo, D., Ottaviani, G., Canfora, F., Leuci, S., Coppola, N., Pecoraro, G., Rupel, K., Preda, M. T. B., Vello, V., Albert, U., et al. (2023) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2023/6666741 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The results of this study are slightly di ff erent compared with previous studies in which a younger age, being a woman, and being a student were identi fi ed as risk factors for loneliness during the pandemic [51, 52].”
Vitimização por bullying e senso de comunidade escolar: prevalência e fatores associados
Neto, W. B., de Lima, T. G., da Silva, W. P. M., et al. (2023) · Avances en Enfermería · doi:10.15446/av.enferm.v41n2.105071 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Munira, L., & Herman, B. Z. (2025) · Asian Journal of Social Health and Behavior · doi:10.4103/shb.shb_370_24 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Darlami, S., Aryal, R., Rajbanshi, M., Bhandari, S., Bhandari, K., Oli, L., & Joshi, M. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000046845 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“[40] One-third of the students (30.8”
InfluentialMallari, E. F. I., Peltzer, K., Santos, L. E., Luu-Thi, H.-T., Nguyen-Thi, T.-T., Lin, K., & Suen, M.-W. (2026) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2025-0791 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cheah, Y. K., Kee, C. C., Lim, K. K., & Tan, L. K. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23524 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Anika, I. T., Islam, H., & Hasan, M. K. (2025) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/17280583.2025.2507315 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Razak, M. A. A., Hamid, H. A. A., Sahril, N., & Rahim, F. A. A. (2025) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.70017 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yang, H., Chen, W., Xu, L., Yang, M., Luan, L., & Zhang, X. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3239115/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Surijah, E. A., & Nanik, N. (2024) · Jurnal Psikologi · doi:10.14710/jp.22.2.118-128 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In addition, the results of the WHO Global School-based Student Health Survey of 4993 female students aged 13-17 years in Indonesia showed that 6.5% of participants experienced loneliness all the time (Marthoenis & Nassimbwa, 2022).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHasan, M. K., Uddin, H., Younos, T. B., & Mukta, N. A. H. (2026) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-26069-7
“The response option to this question was 1 = never to 5 = always (coded 1–3 = 0, indicating “Not having loneliness” and 4–5 = 1, indicating “Having loneliness”) [39, 40, 55] (see Appendix, Table A1).”
Loneliness and associated factors among youth in Indonesia
Munira, L., Nugroho, P., & Suwanbamrung, C. (2026) · Global Health Journal · doi:10.1016/j.glohj.2026.10.003
- Authors
- Marthoenis, Dahlia, & Nassimbwa, J.
- Corresponding author
- Nassimbwa, Jacqueline
- Venue
- BMC Women's Health
- Published
- 2022-08-02
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 328-328
- ISSN
- 1472-6874 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9347157
- OpenAlex
- W4289523331
- Cited by
- 21
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4
- FWCI
- 3.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Women s Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- World Health Organization
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Adolescent Health and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- loneliness, adolescent girls, health risk behaviors, sleep disorders, suicidal ideation, suicide planning, smoking, alcohol consumption, bullying, passive smoking, sedentary lifestyle, social connectedness, protective factors, Indonesian adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Indonesia, Loneliness, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Suicidal Ideation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-16.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-16.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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