Gestational weight gain charts for different body mass index groups for women in Europe, North America, and Oceania
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Gestational weight gain differs according to pre-pregnancy body mass index and is related to the risks of adverse maternal and child health outcomes. Gestational weight gain charts for women in different pre-pregnancy body mass index groups enable identification of women and offspring at risk for adverse health outcomes. We aimed to construct gestational weight gain reference charts for underweight, normal weight, overweight, and grades 1, 2 and 3 obese women and to compare these charts with those obtained in women with uncomplicated term pregnancies. METHODS: We used individual participant data from 218,216 pregnant women participating in 33 cohorts from Europe, North America, and Oceania. Of these women, 9065 (4.2%), 148,697 (68.1%), 42,678 (19.6%), 13,084 (6.0%), 3597 (1.6%), and 1095 (0.5%) were underweight, normal weight, overweight, and grades 1, 2, and 3 obese women, respectively. A total of 138, 517 women from 26 cohorts had pregnancies with no hypertensive or diabetic disorders and with term deliveries of appropriate for gestational age at birth infants. Gestational weight gain charts for underweight, normal weight, overweight, and grade 1, 2, and 3 obese women were derived by the Box-Cox t method using the generalized additive model for location, scale, and shape. RESULTS: We observed that gestational weight gain strongly differed per maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index group. The median (interquartile range) gestational weight gain at 40 weeks was 14.2 kg (11.4-17.4) for underweight women, 14.5 kg (11.5-17.7) for normal weight women, 13.9 kg (10.1-17.9) for overweight women, and 11.2 kg (7.0-15.7), 8.7 kg (4.3-13.4) and 6.3 kg (1.9-11.1) for grades 1, 2, and 3 obese women, respectively. The rate of weight gain was lower in the first half than in the second half of pregnancy. No differences in the patterns of weight gain were observed between cohorts or countries. Similar weight gain patterns were observed in mothers without pregnancy complications. CONCLUSIONS: Gestational weight gain patterns are strongly related to pre-pregnancy body mass index. The derived charts can be used to assess gestational weight gain in etiological research and as a monitoring tool for weight gain during pregnancy in clinical practice.
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Thereafter weight gain proceeds at around three to four times the early rate.
“Across all BMI classes, weight gain in the first 20 weeks of gestation is modest (approximately 2.5 kg) and thereafter proceeds at around three to four times the early rate. 120”
From Overweight, obesity and excessive weight gain in pregnancy as risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes: A narrative review (2022) · cites this paper as [120]
The Results (Gestational weight gain charts; page unavailable) say that weight gain was slower in the first half than in the second half of pregnancy for every pre-pregnancy BMI group. They do not quantify the later rate as three to four times the early rate or report approximately 2.5 kg gained by 20 weeks across all BMI classes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAcross all BMI classes, weight gain in the first 20 weeks of gestation is modest (approximately 2.5 kg).
“Across all BMI classes, weight gain in the first 20 weeks of gestation is modest (approximately 2.5 kg) and thereafter proceeds at around three to four times the early rate. 120”
From Overweight, obesity and excessive weight gain in pregnancy as risk factors for adverse pregnancy outcomes: A narrative review (2022) · cites this paper as [120]
The Results (Gestational weight gain charts; page unavailable) report a lower rate of gain in the first half of pregnancy for every BMI group, supporting the description of early gain as modest. But Table 2 gives median gains at 20 weeks ranging from 4.20 kg in underweight women to −0.35 kg in women with grade 3 obesity, not approximately 2.5 kg across all BMI classes. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Relação entre ganho de peso gestacional e composição corporal do concepto
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- Authors
- Santos, S., Eekhout, I., Voerman, E., Gaillard, R., Barros, H., Charles, M.-A., Chatzi, L., Chevrier, C., Chrousos, G. P., Corpeleijn, E., Costet, N., Crozier, S., Doyon, M., Eggesbø, M., Fantini, M. P., Farchi, S., Forastiere, F., Gagliardi, L., Georgiu, V., Godfrey, K. M., Gori, D., Grote, V., Hanke, W., Hertz-Picciotto, I., Heude, B., Hivert, M.-F., Hryhorczuk, D., Huang, R.-C., Inskip, H., Jusko, T. A., Karvonen, A. M., Koletzko, B., Küpers, L. K., Lagström, H., Lawlor, D. A., Lehmann, I., Lopez-Espinosa, M.-J., Magnus, P., Majewska, R., Mäkelä, J., Manios, Y., McDonald, S. W., Mommers, M., Morgen, C. S., Moschonis, G., Murínová, Ľ., Newnham, J., Nohr, E. A., Andersen, A.-M. N., Oken, E., Oostvogels, A. J. J. M., Pac, A., Papadopoulou, E., Pekkanen, J., Pizzi, C., Polanska, K., Porta, D., Richiardi, L., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Roeleveld, N., Santa-Marina, L., Santos, A. C., Smit, H. A., Sørensen, T. I. A., Standl, M., Stanislawski, M., Stoltenberg, C., Thiering, E., Thijs, C., Torrent, M., Tough, S. C., Trnovec, T., van Gelder, M. M. H. J., van Rossem, L., von Berg, A., Vrijheid, M., Vrijkotte, T. G. M., Zvinchuk, O., van Buuren, S., & Jaddoe, V. W. V.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus MC (NL)
- Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (NL)
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- Inserm (FR)
- University of Southern California (US)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit (GB)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke (CA)
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO)
- University of Bologna (IT)
- Regione Lazio (IT)
- Ospedale Versilia (IT)
- University of Crete (GR)
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine (PL)
- Harvard University (US)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- The Kids Research Institute Australia (AU)
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
- University of Turku (FI)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (DE)
- Jagiellonian University (PL)
- Åbo Akademi University (FI)
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Maastricht University (NL)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- La Trobe University (AU)
- The University of Western Australia (AU)
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- University of Turin (IT)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Helmholtz Munich (DE)
- Slovak Medical University (SK)
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Jaddoe, Vincent W. V.
- ORCID
- Santos, Susana
- Eekhout, Iris
- Gaillard, Romy
- Barros, Henrique
- Charles, Marie-Aline
- Chatzi, Leda
- Chevrier, Cécile
- Chrousos, George P.
- Corpeleijn, Eva
- Costet, Nathalie
- Crozier, Sarah
- Doyon, Myriam
- Eggesbø, Merete
- Fantini, Maria Pia
- Forastiere, Francesco
- Gagliardi, Luigi
- Godfrey, Keith M.
- Gori, Davide
- Grote, Veit
- Hanke, Wojciech
- Heude, Barbara
- Hivert, Marie-France
- Hryhorczuk, Daniel
- Huang, Rae-Chi
- Inskip, Hazel
- Jusko, Todd A.
- Koletzko, Berthold
- Küpers, Leanne K.
- Lagström, Hanna
- Lawlor, Debbie A.
- Lehmann, Irina
- Magnus, Per
- Mommers, Monique
- Morgen, Camilla S.
- Moschonis, George
- Newnham, John
- Nohr, Ellen A.
- Andersen, Anne-Marie Nybo
- Oken, Emily
- Oostvogels, Adriëtte J. J. M.
- Pac, Agnieszka
- Papadopoulou, Eleni
- Pekkanen, Juha
- Porta, Daniela
- Richiardi, Lorenzo
- Roeleveld, Nel
- Santos, Ana C.
- Sørensen, Thorkild I. A.
- Standl, Marie
- Stanislawski, Maggie
- Thiering, Elisabeth
- Thijs, Carel
- Tough, Suzanne C.
- Trnovec, Tomas
- Vrijheid, Martine
- Vrijkotte, Tanja G. M.
- Jaddoe, Vincent W. V.
- Venue
- BMC Medicine
- Published
- 2018-11-05
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 201-201
- ISSN
- 1741-7015 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6217770
- OpenAlex
- W2801299971
- Cited by
- 133
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 15
- FWCI
- 15.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
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- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (acceptedVersion)
- Homo Politicus (Academy of Humanities and Economics in Lodz) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Hispana (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Turin (University of Turin) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Jagiellonian University Repository (Jagiellonian University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) (submittedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
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- BMC Medicine (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
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- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (TPR 15-230)
- March of Dimes Foundation
- Mead Johnson Nutrition
- Compagnia di San Paolo
- Max Bell Foundation
- University of Notre Dame
- Sundhed og Sygdom, Det Frie Forskningsråd
- Diabète Québec
- Yrjö Jahnssonin Säätiö
- Wellcome Trust (102215/2/13/2))
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0611-10196, FP7/2007–2013, 308333, NF-SI-0515-10042, EU FP7 ENV.2007.1.2.2.2, 289346)
- British Heart Foundation (RG/15/17/31749)
- Dunhill Medical Trust
- University of Southampton
- European Commission (2011-2014, EU FP7-HEALTH-2009, 226285, QLK4‐CT‐2001‐00250, EU-FP7, 633595, 2007–2013, 733206, FP7 2007-2013, 603946, 211250, EU FP7 ENV.2007.1.2.2.2, FP7-HEALTH-2012, FP7/2007, 308333, FP7-HEALTH-2009, 289346)
- Healthway
- Raine Medical Research Foundation
- National Research Foundation
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-2010-PRSP-007, ANR-10-PRSP-0007)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (ANR-2010-PRSP-007)
- Rijksuniversiteit Groningen
- Danmarks Grundforskningsfond
- Curtin University of Technology
- Edith Cowan University
- Murdoch University
- University of Notre Dame Australia
- ZonMw (00812, 40–00812–98–11010)
- Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam
- Generalitat de Catalunya (EU FP7 ENV.2007.1.2.2.2, 308333)
- Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
- Eusko Jaurlaritza
- Suomen Kulttuurirahasto
- Ministero della Salute (502/92)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (FP7 2007-2013, 00812, EU-FP7)
- Generalitat Valenciana (308333, EU FP7 ENV.2007.1.2.2.2)
- Helse- og Omsorgsdepartementet (N01-ES-75558, UO1 NS 047537-01, UO1 NS 047537-06A1)
- Lundbeckfonden
- Juho Vainion Säätiö (139021, 287675)
- Päivikki ja Sakari Sohlbergin Säätiö
- Narodowym Centrum Nauki (/00998, DEC-2014/, 2014/15/B/NZ7/00998, DEC-2014/15/B/NZ7/00998, 603946)
- Augustinus Fonden
- Universitair Medisch Centrum Groningen
- Norges Forskningsråd (289346)
- Turun Yliopisto
- Lastentautien Tutkimussäätiö
- Universidade do Porto
- Université Paris-Sud
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail
- Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale
- Alberta Innovates
- Regione Piemonte (502/92)
- Egmont Fonden
- Bundesministerium für Bildung, Wissenschaft, Forschung und Technologie
- Turun Yliopistollinen Keskussairaala (121569, 123571)
- H. Lundbeck A/S
- Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitos
- Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunitat Valenciana
- National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre (289346, FP7/2007-2013)
- National Institutes of Health (FP7/2007-2013, n01es75558-11-0-1, NIEHS R01, N01-ES-75558, UG3OD023286, HD034568, ES‐001247)
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (UG3OD023286)
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (MOP – 115071)
- Medical Research Council (FP7/20072013, MR/J000094/1, MC_UU_12011/4, EU FP7 ENV.2007.1.2.2.2, 308333, EU FP7)
- National Health and Medical Research Council (139021)
- Leibniz-Gemeinschaft
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (EU FP7 ENV.2007.1.2.2.2, 308333, FP7/2007-2013)
- Radboud Institute for Health Sciences
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA096525)
- Fogarty International Center (R03TW007152)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK103246)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (1-UO1-NS-047537, UO1-NS-047537, 2UO1 NS047537-06A1, 047537-01, UO1 NS 047537–01, NS 047537, U01NS047537, 047537-06A1, UO1 NS 047537-06A1, NS 047537-06A1, 1 UO1 NS 047537‐01, FP7/2007-2013)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (ES-75558, N01-ES, UO1 NS 047537-01, N01ES75558, ES-001247, K12ES019852, N01 ES075558, 1 UO1 NS 047537-01, R01ES010165, R01ES015282, ES019852, 2 UO1 NS 047537-06A1, P30ES023513, P30ES001247)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD034568)
- H2020 European Research Council (669545)
- FP7 Health (289346, 226285, FP7/2007-2013, EU FP7)
- CHIST-ERA (ANR-2010-PRSP-007)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Gestational Diabetes Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- gestational weight gain, body mass index, maternal obesity, underweight pregnancy, overweight in pregnancy, reference charts, term pregnancy, maternal and child health outcomes, pregnancy cohort, individual patient data meta-analysis, birth weight
- MeSH terms
- Gestational Weight Gain, Adult, Europe, Female, Humans, North America, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Pregnancy Outcome, Risk Factors, Body Mass Index, Oceania
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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