Clinical and molecular investigation of a canine distemper outbreak and vector-borne infections in a group of rescue dogs imported from Hungary to Switzerland
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a major pathogen of dogs and wild carnivores worldwide. In Switzerland, distemper in domestic dogs is rarely reported. In recent years, the import of dogs from Eastern Europe to Switzerland has steadily increased. In the present study, we describe a distemper outbreak in 15 rescue dogs that were imported from Hungary to Switzerland by an animal welfare organisation. The data on vaccination and medical history were recorded (14 dogs), and the samples were collected to investigate CDV and vector-borne infections (13 dogs) and canine parvovirus infection (12 dogs). The dogs were monitored for six months. RESULTS: One dog was euthanised directly after import. Thirteen dogs showed clinical signs after arrival, i.e., diarrhoea (57 %), coughing (43 %) and nasal and/or ocular discharge (21 %); radiographic findings that were compatible with bronchopneumonia were present in four dogs. CDV infection was diagnosed in 11 dogs (85 %); 10 dogs (91 %) tested PCR-positive in conjunctival swabs. Vector-borne infections (Babesia spp., Leishmania infantum, Dirofilaria immitis) were found in 4 dogs (31 %). Three dogs were hospitalized, and six dogs received ambulatory therapy for up to two months until recovery. None of the dogs developed neurological disease. CDV shedding was detected for a period of up to four months. Because dogs were put under strict quarantine until CDV shedding ceased, CDV did not spread to any other dogs. The CDV isolates showed 99 % sequence identity in the HA gene among each other and belonged to the Arctic-like lineage of CDV. CONCLUSIONS: The present study highlights the imminent risks of spreading contagious viral and vector-borne infections through the non-selective import of sick dogs and dogs with incomplete vaccination from Eastern Europe. CDV shedding was detected for several months after the cessation of clinical signs, which emphasised the roles of asymptomatic carriers in CDV epidemiology. A long-term follow-up using sensitive PCR and strict quarantine measures is of upmost importance in preventing the spread of infection. Dog owners and animal welfare organisations should be educated regarding the importance of complete vaccinations and the impact of dog imports on the spread of viral and vector-borne pathogens.
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The presence of D. immitis is expanding throughout Spanish national territory, with infected cats reported in Ceuta and Melilla and in the north of the country, similar to canine heartworm.
“Moreover, it is shown that the presence of this parasite is expanding throughout the national territory, also reporting infected cats in Ceuta and Melilla (Spanish autonomous cities on the north coast of Africa) and in the north of the country, similar to what has been reported for canine heartworm [117].”
From What has happened to heartworm disease in Europe in the last 10 years? (2022) · cites this paper as [117]
In Spain, a recent nationwide study reported overall feline seroprevalence of 9.4% (anti-D. immitis antibodies) and prevalence of 0.5% (antigens), with highest seroprevalences in the Canary Islands (19.2%), Balearic Islands (16%), and Mediterranean coast communities (9.2-11.2%).
“In Spain, a recent nationwide study reported an overall seroprevalence of 9.4% (anti-D. immitis antibodies) and a prevalence of 0.5% (antigens) [117]. This study showed the highest seroprevalences in the Canary Islands (19.2%) and the Balearic Islands (16%), as well as the autonomous communities located on the Mediterranean coast (9.2–11.2%).”
From What has happened to heartworm disease in Europe in the last 10 years? (2022) · cites this paper as [117]
Some studies have reported D. immitis in cats in traditionally endemic countries such as Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Greece, while first reports of feline heartworm have been published in some new endemic countries (Germany and Austria).
“Some studies have reported D. immitis in cats in traditionally endemic countries, such as Spain, Portugal, Italy, and Greece, while the first reports of feline heartworm have been published in some new endemic countries as well (Germany and Austria).”
From What has happened to heartworm disease in Europe in the last 10 years? (2022) · cites this paper as [117]
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- Authors
- Willi, B., Spiri, A. M., Meli, M. L., Grimm, F., Beatrice, L., Riond, B., Bley, T., Jordi, R., Dennler, M., & Hofmann-Lehmann, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Willi, Barbara
- Venue
- BMC Veterinary Research
- Published
- 2015-07-16
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 154-154
- ISSN
- 1746-6148 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4504088
- OpenAlex
- W1846284978
- Cited by
- 41
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 0.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Veterinary Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Universität Zürich (FK-53210-01-01)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Virology and Viral Diseases
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Virus Infections Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Agronomy and Crop Science › Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- canine distemper virus, rescue dogs, imported dogs, vector-borne diseases, Babesia, Leishmania infantum, Dirofilaria immitis, canine parvovirus, asymptomatic carriers, quarantine, vaccination, hemagglutinin gene, Switzerland
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Babesia, Babesiosis, Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilariasis, Disease Outbreaks, Distemper, Distemper Virus, Canine, Dogs, Female, Hungary, Insect Vectors, Leishmaniasis, Visceral, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, Switzerland, Virus Shedding, Leishmania infantum
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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