Associations between clinical canine leishmaniosis and multiple vector-borne co-infections: a case-control serological study
Open accessAbstract
Background: Dogs that have clinical leishmaniosis (ClinL), caused by the parasite Leishmania infantum , are commonly co-infected with other pathogens, especially vector-borne pathogens (VBP). A recent PCR-based study found that ClinL dogs are more likely to be additionally infected with the rickettsial bacteria Ehrlichia canis . Further information on co-infections in ClinL cases with VBP, as assessed by serology, is required. The research described in this report determined if dogs with ClinL are at higher risk of exposure to VBP than healthy control dogs using a case-control serology study. Results: Of the 47 dogs with ClinL, anti- E. canis / Ehrlichia ewingii antibodies were detected in 17 (36.2%), anti- Anaplasma phagocytophilum / Anaplasma platys antibodies in 5 (10.6%) and antigen for Dirofilaria immitis in 2 (4.3%). Of the 87 control dogs, anti- E. canis / E . ewingii antibodies were detected in 14 (16.1%) and anti- A . phagocytophilum / A . platys antibodies in 2 (2.3%). No anti- Borrelia burgdorferi antibody tests were positive. No statistical differences between the ClinL dogs and control dogs regarding lifestyle or use of ectoparasitic prevention, were identified. The ClinL was significantly associated with anti- E. canis / E . ewingii antibodies (odds ratio = 2.9, 95% confidence interval: 1.3–6.7, P = 0.010) compared to controls by both multivariable logistic regression and structural equation modelling. Conclusions: It was demonstrated that an increased risk for E. canis / E . ewingii seropositivity is present in dogs with ClinL compared to clinically healthy control dogs, despite similar ectoparasitic prevention use and lifestyle. Based on these findings it is suggested that dogs with ClinL should not only be tested for E. canis co-infection using PCR but also serologically for E. canis / E . ewingii .
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The Czech Republic was considered endemic 10 years ago, but in the last decade there has been no increase in reported cases and only one study has been published in a dog co-infected with D. repens in Příbram, an imported case from Hungary.
“The Czech Republic was considered endemic 10 years ago, with reports of autochthonous cases and infected dogs coming from neighbouring endemic countries [2,9]. However, in the last decade, there has been no increase in the number of reported cases and only one study has been published in a dog co-infected with D. repens in Příbram, in the Central Bohemian region, being an imported case of Hungary”
From What has happened to heartworm disease in Europe in the last 10 years? (2022) · cites this paper as [103]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The biology and control of Phlebotomine sand flies
Killick‐Kendrick, R. (1999) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/s0738-081x(99)00046-2 · Cited by 776 · see citing works
Detection of ehrlichiae in African ticks by polymerase chain reaction
Parola, P., Roux, V., Camicas, J.-L., Baradji, I., Brouqui, P., & Raoult, D. (2000) · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.1016/s0035-9203(00)90243-8 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Managing canine vector-borne diseases of zoonotic concern: part one
Otranto, D., Dantas‐Torres, F., & Breitschwerdt, E. B. (2009) · Trends in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.pt.2009.01.003 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Managing canine vector-borne diseases of zoonotic concern: part two
Otranto, D., Dantas‐Torres, F., & Breitschwerdt, E. B. (2009) · Trends in Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.pt.2009.02.005 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
A serological study of exposure to arthropod-borne pathogens in dogs from northeastern Spain
Solano-Gallego, L., Llull, J., Osso, M., Hegarty, B., & Breitschwerdt, E. (2006) · Veterinary Research · doi:10.1051/vetres:2005054 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Self-citationSolano‐Gallego, L., Villanueva‐Saz, S., Carbonell-Antoñanzas, M., Trotta, M., Furlanello, T., & Natale, A. (2014) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-7-111 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationCanine leishmaniosis in the United Kingdom: A zoonotic disease waiting for a vector?
Shaw, S. E., Langton, D. A., & Hillman, T. (2009) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.03.025 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Attipa, C., Papasouliotis, K., Solano‐Gallego, L., Baneth, G., Nachum‐Biala, Y., Sarvani, E., Knowles, T. G., Mengi, S., Morris, D. T. J., Helps, C. R., et al. (2017) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2063-2 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationAre vector-borne pathogen co-infections complicating the clinical presentation in dogs?
Tommasi, A. S. D., Otranto, D., Dantas‐Torres, F., Capelli, G., Breitschwerdt, E. B., & de Caprariis, D. (2013) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-97 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Seropositivity rates for agents of canine vector-borne diseases in Spain: A multicentre study
Miró, G., Montoya, A., Roura, X., Gálvez, R., & Sainz, A. (2013) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-117 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Barker, E., Tasker, S., Day, M. J., et al. (2009) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2009.07.006 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationPantchev, N., Schaper, R., Limousin, S., Norden, N., Weise, M., & Lorentzen, L. (2009) · Parasitology Research · doi:10.1007/s00436-009-1501-2 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The immunopathology of canine vector-borne diseases
Day, M. J. (2011) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/1756-3305-4-48 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Leishmaniases and the Cyprus Paradox
Mazeris, A., Soteriadou, K., Dedet, J. P., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0282 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Davies, S., Abdullah, S., Helps, C. R., Tasker, S., Newbury, H., & Wall, R. L. (2017) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.07.033 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes co-infection with vector-borne pathogens play a role in clinical canine leishmaniosis?
Baxarias, M., Álvarez-Fernández, A., Martínez-Orellana, P., Montserrat‐Sangrà, S., Ordeix, L., Rojas, A., Nachum‐Biala, Y., Baneth, G., & Solano‐Gallego, L. (2018) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-018-2724-9 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationMekuzas, Y., Gradoni, L., Oliva, G., et al. (2009) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02150.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Comparison of Serological Detection Methods for Diagnosis of Ehrlichia canis Infections in Dogs
Bélanger, M., Sorenson, H. L., France, M. K., et al. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.40.9.3506-3508.2002 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Bouzouraa, T., René‐Martellet, M., Chêne, J., Attipa, C., Lebert, I., Chalvet‐Monfray, K., Cadoré, J., Halos, L., & Chabanne, L. (2016) · Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.07.004 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationAttipa, C., Solano‐Gallego, L., Papasouliotis, K., Soutter, F., Morris, D. T. J., Helps, C. R., Carver, S., & Tasker, S. (2018) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-018-2717-8 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationSpecies composition, distribution, ecological preference and host association of ticks in Cyprus
Tsatsaris, A., Chochlakis, D., Papadopoulos, B., et al. (2016) · Experimental and Applied Acarology · doi:10.1007/s10493-016-0091-9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Canine tick-borne pathogens in Cyprus and a unique canine case of multiple co-infections
Attipa, C., Hicks, C., Barker, E., Christodoulou, V., Neophytou, K., Mylonakis, M. E., Siarkou, V. I., Vingopoulou, E. I., Soutter, F., Chochlakis, D., et al. (2016) · Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.12.006 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationFilarial infections in dogs in Cyprus, an apparently heartworm free island
Kokkinos, P., Dimzas, D., Pantchev, N., Tamvakis, Α., Balzer, J., & Diakou, Α. (2019) · Veterinary Parasitology Regional Studies and Reports · doi:10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100330 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
What has happened to heartworm disease in Europe in the last 10 years?
Morchón, R., Montoya-Alonso, J. A., Rodríguez-Escolar, I., & Carretón, E. (2022) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens11091042 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
- Authors
- Attipa, C., Solano-Gallego, L., Leutenegger, C. M., Papasouliotis, K., Soutter, F., Balzer, J., Carver, S., Buch, J. S., & Tasker, S.
- Affiliations
- University of London (GB)
- IDEXX Laboratories (United States) (US)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- IDEXX Laboratories (Germany) (DE)
- University of Tasmania (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Attipa, Charalampos
- ORCID
- Venue
- BMC Veterinary Research
- Published
- 2019-09-18
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 331-331
- ISSN
- 1746-6148 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6749678
- OpenAlex
- W2973903104
- Cited by
- 18
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 7
- FWCI
- 2.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- BMC Veterinary Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Explore Bristol Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RVC Research Online (Royal Veterinary College) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (203919/Z/16/Z)
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/1015655/1)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Brucella: diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment
- Keywords
- canine leishmaniasis, Leishmania infantum, Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia ewingii, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma platys, Dirofilaria immitis, Borrelia burgdorferi, seroprevalence, dogs, zoonotic pathogens
- MeSH terms
- Anaplasma, Anaplasmosis, Animals, Cyprus, Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilariasis, Dog Diseases, Dogs, Ectoparasitic Infestations, Ehrlichia, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Leishmaniasis, Male, Case-Control Studies, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Ehrlichiosis, Leishmania infantum, Coinfection
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
