WHO cone bio-assays of classical and new-generation long-lasting insecticidal nets call for innovative insecticides targeting the knock-down resistance mechanism in Benin
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: To increase the effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets (ITN) in areas of high resistance, new long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) called new-generation nets have been developed. These nets are treated with the piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergist which inhibit the action of detoxification enzymes. The effectiveness of the new-generation nets has been proven in some studies, but their specific effect on mosquitoes carrying detoxification enzymes and those carrying both detoxification enzymes and the knock-down resistance gene in Benin is not well known. Thus, the objective of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of LLINs treated with PBO on multi-resistant Anopheles gambiae s.l. METHODS: The study occurred in seven cities in Benin, Abomey, Cotonou, Porto-Novo, Zangnanado, Parakou, Malanville and Tanguiéta, and included ten locations selected on a north-south transect. Mosquito larvae were collected from these sites, and adult females from these larvae were exposed to single-pyrethroid-treated nets (LifeNet, PermaNet 2.0, Olyset Net) and bi-treated nets (PermaNet 3.0 and Olyset Plus) based on their level of resistance and using WHO cone tests following WHO guidelines. RESULTS: The different LLINs showed 100% mortality of the susceptible laboratory strain Kisumu and the resistant strain Ace-1R Kisumu. However, with the resistant laboratory strain kdr-Kisumu, mortality was low (16-32%) for all LLINs except PermaNet 3.0 (82.9%). The mortality of local strains carrying only the kdr mechanism varied from 0 to 47% for the single-pyrethroid-treated LLINs and 9 to 86% for bi-treated LLINs. With local strains carrying several mechanisms of resistance (kdr + detoxification enzymes), the observed mortality with different LLINs was also low except for PermaNet 3.0, which induced significantly higher mortality, usually greater than 75% (p < 0.001), with multi-resistant strains. The inhibition of the mortalities induced by the LLINs (11-96%) on multi-resistant field populations was similar to the inhibition observed with the laboratory strain carrying only the knock-down resistance mechanism (kdr-Kisumu) (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study showed that the new-generation LLINs treated with pyrethroids and PBO showed better efficacy compared to conventional LLINs. Although the addition of PBO significantly increased the mortality of mosquitoes, the significant role of the kdr resistance gene in the low efficacy of LLINs calls for LLIN technology innovation that specifically targets this mechanism.
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Several new molecules or formulations for malaria vector control are in the pipeline.
“several of these new molecules or formulations are now in the pipe line [73, 78, 121–127].”
From Evolution of insecticide resistance and its mechanisms in Anopheles stephensi in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (2020) · cites this paper as [127]
The Background describes new-generation net formulations containing piperonyl butoxide, and the Methods say the nets tested were obtained from local markets. The Discussion calls for a search for new molecules targeting knock-down resistance, but does not say that several molecules or formulations are in the pipeline. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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- Authors
- Allossogbe, M., Gnanguenon, V., Yovogan, B., Akinro, B., Anagonou, R., Agossa, F., Houtoukpe, A., Padonou, G. G., & Akogbeto, M.
- Affiliations
- Université d'Abomey-Calavi (BJ)
- Venue
- Malaria Journal
- Published
- 2017-02-15
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 77-77
- ISSN
- 1475-2875 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5312429
- OpenAlex
- W2588670476
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 2.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Malaria Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Insect Resistance and Genetics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Insect Pest Control Strategies
- Keywords
- long-lasting insecticidal nets, insecticide resistance, KDR, piperonyl butoxide, synergists, Anopheles gambiae s.l., pyrethroid resistance, detoxification enzymes, WHO cone bioassay, PermaNet 3.0, insecticide-treated nets, malaria vector control, Benin
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anopheles, Benin, Biological Assay, Cities, Female, Insecticides, Pesticide Synergists, Piperonyl Butoxide, Survival Analysis, Insecticide-Treated Bednets
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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