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Antibiotic resistant airborne bacteria and their multidrug resistance pattern at University teaching referral Hospital in South Ethiopia
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Hospitals provide a reservoir of microorganisms, many of which are multi-resistant to antibiotics. Emergence of multi-drug resistant strains in a hospital environment, particularly in developing countries is an increasing problem to infection treatment. This study aims at assessing antibiotic resistant airborne bacterial isolates. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Wolaita Sodo university teaching and referral Hospital. Indoor air samples were collected by using passive air sampling method. Sample processing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were done following standard bacteriological techniques. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. RESULTS: Medically important bacterial pathogens, Coagulase negative staphylococci (29.6%), Staphylococcus aureus (26.3%), Enterococci species, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium (16.5%), Acinetobacter species (9.5%), Escherichia coli (5.8%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.3%) were isolated. Antibiotic resistance rate ranging from 7.5 to 87.5% was detected for all isolates. Acinetobacter species showed a high rate of resistance for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, gentamicin (78.2%) and ciprofloxacin (82.6%), 28 (38.9%) of S. aureus isolates were meticillin resistant, and 7.5% Enterococci isolates of were vancomycin resistant. 75.3% of all bacterial pathogen were multi-drug resistant. Among them, 74.6% were gram positive and 84% were gram negative. Multi-drug resistance were observed among 84.6% of P. aeruginosa, of 82.5% Enterococcii, E. coli 78.6%, S. aureus 76.6%, and Coagulase negative staphylococci of 73.6%. CONCLUSIONS: Indoor environment of the hospital was contaminated with airborne microbiotas, which are common cause of post-surgical site infection in the study area. Bacterial isolates were highly resistant to commonly used antibiotics with high multi-drug resistance percentage. So air quality of hospital environment, in restricted settings deserves attention, and requires long-term surveillance to protect both patients and healthcare workers.
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Airborne multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), such as MRSA and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are frequently detected in hospital air, particularly in ICUs and surgical wards.
“Airborne multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, are frequently detected in hospital air, particularly in ICUs and surgical wards.”
From Indoor air quality, hygiene practices and the antimicrobial resistance profiles of airborne bacteria in selected areas of a tertiary health facility in Ibadan, Nigeria (2026) · cites this paper as [23]
The Results (page unavailable) report airborne bacteria in the hospital’s ICU and operating theatre, including S. aureus and P. aeruginosa; the MDR-pattern table identifies multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa. The Discussion reports 39% MRSA prevalence and says most resistant isolates were found in the ICU. The paper does not establish that these organisms are particularly frequent in surgical wards relative to other hospital areas, or that the findings generalize beyond this hospital. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe persistence of airborne MDROs in aerosolized form increases the risk of transmission and complicates infection control in healthcare settings.
“Their persistence in aerosolized form increases the risk of transmission and complicates infection control in healthcare settings [8, 23].”
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Genet, C., Kibru, G., & Tsegaye, W. (2011) · Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.4314/ejhs.v21i1.69039 · Cited by 40
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Fabiyi, O. C., & Ana, G. R. (2026) · Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control · doi:10.1186/s13756-026-01733-8 · Cited by 3
“S. aureus exhibited 80% methicillin resistance, indicating methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) consistent with a study in South Ethiopia [23].”
Metadata
- Authors
- Solomon, F. B., Wadilo, F. W., Arota, A. A., & Abraham, Y. L.
- Affiliations
- Wolaita Sodo University (ET)
- Corresponding author
- Solomon, Fithamlak Bisetegen
- Venue
- Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials
- Published
- 2017-04-12
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 29-29
- ISSN
- 1476-0711 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5389437
- OpenAlex
- W2607455771
- Cited by
- 86
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 2.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Wolaita sodo university (121/2015)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Microbiology (medical) › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antimicrobial Resistance in Staphylococcus
- Keywords
- airborne bacteria, multidrug resistance, antibiotic resistance, hospital indoor air, hospital environmental contamination, Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Acinetobacter, Enterococcus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, vancomycin resistance, methicillin resistance, antimicrobial susceptibility
- MeSH terms
- Air Microbiology, Bacteria, Bacteriological Techniques, Cross-Sectional Studies, Ethiopia, Hospitals, University, Humans, Prevalence, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
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