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Health systems context (s) for integrating mental health into primary health care in six Emerald countries: a situation analysis
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Mental, neurological and substance use disorders contribute to a significant proportion of the world's disease burden, including in low and middle income countries (LMICs). In this study, we focused on the health systems required to support integration of mental health into primary health care (PHC) in Ethiopia, India, Nepal, Nigeria, South Africa and Uganda. METHODS: A checklist guided by the World Health Organization Assessment Instrument for Mental Health Systems (WHO-AIMS) was developed and was used for data collection in each of the six countries participating in the Emerging mental health systems in low and middle-income countries (Emerald) research consortium. The documents reviewed were from the following domains: mental health legislation, health policies/plans and relevant country health programs. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis. RESULTS: Three of the study countries (Ethiopia, Nepal, Nigeria, and Uganda) were working towards developing mental health legislation. South Africa and India were ahead of other countries, having enacted recent Mental Health Care Act in 2004 and 2016, respectively. Among all the 6 study countries, only Nepal, Nigeria and South Africa had a standalone mental health policy. However, other countries had related health policies where mental health was mentioned. The lack of fully fledged policies is likely to limit opportunities for resource mobilization for the mental health sector and efforts to integrate mental health into PHC. Most countries were found to be allocating inadequate budgets from the health budget for mental health, with South Africa (5%) and Nepal (0.17%) were the countries with the highest and lowest proportions of health budgets spent on mental health, respectively. Other vital resources that support integration such as human resources and health facilities for mental health services were found to be in adequate in all the study countries. Monitoring and evaluation systems to support the integration of mental health into PHC in all the study countries were also inadequate. CONCLUSION: Integration of mental health into PHC will require addressing the resource limitations that have been identified in this study. There is a need for up to date mental health legislation and policies to engender commitment in allocating resources to mental health services.
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“This treatment gap stems in part from a severe shortage of mental health providers (Mugisha et al., 2017).”
From Acceptability and feasibility of digital technology for training community health workers to deliver brief psychological treatment for depression in rural India (2019) · cites this paper as Mugisha et al., 2017
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“A critical factor contributing to the mental health treatment gap is the shortage of trained mental health providers [8].”
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“Mental, Neurological and Substance use disorders (MNS) contribute to a significant proportion of the world’s disease burden, largely in low and middle-income countries (Boerema et al., 2016; Mugisha et al., 2017; Rathod et al., 2017).”
BackgroundAddressing the Gap: The Importance of Mental Health Legislation and Policy
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“Antenatal care in these countries has focused on the physical and mental health of pregnant women (ACOG, 2018), (Mugisha, et al., 2017).”
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“Our study suggests that it could also be a valuable approach in a resource and time-limited primary health care context and can be delivered by lay health workers in poor communities as a vital add-on strategy to increase access to mental health care [40].”
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“A serious lack of mental health professionals is one cause of this treatment gap [3].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mugisha, J., Abdulmalik, J., Hanlon, C., Petersen, I., Lund, C., Upadhaya, N., Ahuja, S., Shidhaye, R., Mntambo, N., Alem, A., Gureje, O., & Kigozi, F.
- Affiliations
- Stellenbosch University (ZA)
- University of Ibadan (NG)
- King's College London (GB)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal (ZA)
- University of Cape Town (ZA)
- Public Health Foundation of India (IN)
- Addis Ababa University (ET)
- Butabika Hospital (UG)
- Corresponding author
- Mugisha, James
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Mental Health Systems
- Published
- 2017-01-05
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 7-7
- ISSN
- 1752-4458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5217325
- OpenAlex
- W2569231151
- Semantic Scholar
- 56d192ae207979ff8f7c711d872b77a981c2517d
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 14.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- International Journal of Mental Health Systems (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Open University of Cape Town (University of Cape Town) (submittedVersion)
- SUNScholar (Stellenbosch University) (submittedVersion)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- European Union´s Seventh Framework Programme (no305968)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Healthcare Systems and Reforms
- Keywords
- mental health integration, primary care, mental health system, mental health law, health budget, monitoring and evaluation, low- and middle-income countries
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