A cross-sectional study of mental health-, posttraumatic stress symptoms and post exposure changes in Norwegian ambulance personnel
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Abstract
Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been shown to be elevated among first responders (Emergency Medical Services, fire service, police force) compared to the general population. Examining the prevalence of mental health issues in a work force with an elevated occupational risk is fundamental towards ensuring their wellbeing and implementing safeguard measures. The goal of this study is therefore to report the prevalence of depression, anxiety, posttraumatic development, and PTSD in Norwegian ambulance personnel. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional, anonymous, web-based survey (Questback®), performed among operative personnel employed in the Emergency Medical Services in the Regional Health Trust of Central Norway between 18. February and 9. April 2021. The study was sent to 1052 eligible participants. Questions reported demographic data, a traumatic events exposure index, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (Depression), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 scale, Posttraumatic symptom scale (PTSD) and Posttraumatic change scale. Results: The response rate in this study was 45.5% (n = 479/1052). The mean age of respondents was 37.1 years (std. 11.1) and 52.8% (n = 253) were male. Of the respondents, 80.6% (n = 386) were married or had a partner, and 91.6% (n = 439) reported having access to a peer support programme, with 34.9% (n = 167) reporting that they had utilized peer support. In this study, 5% (n = 24) showed a prevalence of manifest posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, while 8.6% (n = 41) reported moderate to severe depression and 2.9% (n = 14) presented moderate to severe symptoms of general anxiety. Of the respondents, 77.2% (n = 370) reported personal growth because of their work experiences. Conclusions: This study indicates that Norwegian ambulance personnel report a prevalence of posttraumatic stress symptoms and depression, which is slightly higher for men, and lower for the female proportion in this study, when compared to an adult Norwegian population. The vast majority of respondents reported personal growth because of their work experience, and both the degree of peer support and having a partner seem to influence levels of posttraumatic stress and -development.
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Paramedics in Norway had a higher prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder than the general population; 77% (n=370) of respondents reported personal growth due to their working experiences.
“Another study in Norway found that paramedics had a higher prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder than the general population. Interestingly, 77% (n=370) of respondents reported personal growth due to their working experiences (Reid et al., 2022).”
From Understanding the Occupational Factors that Influence Paramedic Health and Wellbeing (2024) · cites this paper as Reid et al., 2022
The Abstract Results report that 77.2% (n = 370) reported personal growth because of work experiences. The Discussion says PTSD prevalence was higher than in the Norwegian general population for men, but lower for women; it does not support an unqualified claim of higher prevalence among Norwegian ambulance personnel overall. The study measured self-reported symptoms rather than confirmed diagnoses. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAmong Norwegian ambulance personnel, prevalence of mental illness was slightly higher in men than in women.
“Prevalence of mental illness was slightly higher in men than in women.”
From Understanding the Occupational Factors that Influence Paramedic Health and Wellbeing (2024) · cites this paper as Reid, B., Naess-Pleym, L., Bakkelund., Dale., Uleber, O. & Nordstrand, A. 2022
Table 1 (Results; page unavailable) shows depression symptoms were slightly more prevalent in men than women (9.5% versus 7.5%). Anxiety and posttraumatic stress symptoms, however, were slightly more prevalent in women, so the broader claim about mental illness is not supported across the conditions measured. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe degree of peer support and having a partner appeared to influence levels of posttraumatic stress and development among Norwegian ambulance personnel.
“The degree of peer support and having a partner appeared to influence levels of posttraumatic stress and development.”
From Understanding the Occupational Factors that Influence Paramedic Health and Wellbeing (2024) · cites this paper as Reid, B., Naess-Pleym, L., Bakkelund., Dale., Uleber, O. & Nordstrand, A. 2022
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- Authors
- Reid, B. O., Næss-Pleym, L. E., Bakkelund, K. E., Dale, J., Uleberg, O., & Nordstrand, A. E.
- Affiliations
- Norwegian Armed Forces (NO)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- St Olav's University Hospital (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Reid, Bjørn Ole
- Venue
- Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine
- Published
- 2022-01-11
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-3
- ISSN
- 1757-7241 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8749923
- OpenAlex
- W4226000019
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 4.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Performance
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, posttraumatic stress symptoms, ambulance personnel, emergency medical services, depression, general anxiety, personal growth, peer support, occupational trauma exposure, gender differences, mental health prevalence, first responders, partner support, gender differences in anxiety
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Ambulances, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Prevalence
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