Cited by 119Social Media in Health EducationEthics in Clinical ResearchMobile Health and mHealth Applications

Digital tools for the recruitment and retention of participants in randomised controlled trials: a systematic map

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Frampton, Geoff K., Shepherd, Jonathan, Pickett, Karen, Griffiths, Gareth, Wyatt, Jeremy C.·2020·Trials

Abstract

Background: Recruiting and retaining participants in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) is challenging. Digital tools, such as social media, data mining, email or text-messaging, could improve recruitment or retention, but an overview of this research area is lacking. We aimed to systematically map the characteristics of digital recruitment and retention tools for RCTs, and the features of the comparative studies that have evaluated the effectiveness of these tools during the past 10 years. Methods: We searched Medline, Embase, other databases, the Internet, and relevant web sites in July 2018 to identify comparative studies of digital tools for recruiting and/or retaining participants in health RCTs. Two reviewers independently screened references against protocol-specified eligibility criteria. Included studies were coded by one reviewer with 20% checked by a second reviewer, using pre-defined keywords to describe characteristics of the studies, populations and digital tools evaluated. Results: We identified 9163 potentially relevant references, of which 104 articles reporting 105 comparative studies were included in the systematic map. The number of published studies on digital tools has doubled in the past decade, but most studies evaluated digital tools for recruitment rather than retention. The key health areas investigated were health promotion, cancers, circulatory system diseases and mental health. Few studies focussed on minority or under-served populations, and most studies were observational. The most frequently-studied digital tools were social media, Internet sites, email and tv/radio for recruitment; and email and text-messaging for retention. One quarter of the studies measured efficiency (cost per recruited or retained participant) but few studies have evaluated people’s attitudes towards the use of digital tools. Conclusions: This systematic map highlights a number of evidence gaps and may help stakeholders to identify and prioritise further research needs. In particular, there is a need for rigorous research on the efficiency of the digital tools and their impact on RCT participants and investigators, perhaps as studies-within-a-trial (SWAT) research. There is also a need for research into how digital tools may improve participant retention in RCTs which is currently underrepresented relative to recruitment research. Registration: Not registered; based on a pre-specified protocol, peer-reviewed by the project’s Advisory Board.

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  1. [122]Lesher LL Matyas RA Sjaarda LA Newman SL Silver RM Galai N Recruitment for longitudinal, randomised pregnancy trials initiated preconception: lessons from the effects of aspirin in gestation and reproduction trial Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2015 29 2 162 167 25682951 PMC6194508

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Authors
Frampton, G. K., Shepherd, J., Pickett, K., Griffiths, G., & Wyatt, J. C.
Affiliations
  • University of Southampton (GB)
  • Southampton General Hospital (GB)
Corresponding author
Frampton, Geoff K.
Venue
Trials
Published
2020-06-05
Volume
21
Issue
1
Pages
478-478
ISSN
1745-6215 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3033583499
Cited by
119
References
190
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 9
FWCI
2.37
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Trials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
Funders
National Institute for Health Research
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Health › Social Media in Health Education
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics in Clinical Research
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
Keywords
participant recruitment, participant retention, randomized controlled trials, digital tools, social media, text messaging, email, data mining, recruitment efficiency, cost per participant, underserved populations, research gaps
MeSH terms
Stakeholder Participation, United Kingdom, Humans, Software, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Efficiency, Organizational, Patient Selection, Health Care Surveys, Text Messaging, Social Media

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