Digital tools for the recruitment and retention of participants in randomised controlled trials: a systematic map
Open accessAbstract
Background: Recruiting and retaining participants in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) is challenging. Digital tools, such as social media, data mining, email or text-messaging, could improve recruitment or retention, but an overview of this research area is lacking. We aimed to systematically map the characteristics of digital recruitment and retention tools for RCTs, and the features of the comparative studies that have evaluated the effectiveness of these tools during the past 10 years. Methods: We searched Medline, Embase, other databases, the Internet, and relevant web sites in July 2018 to identify comparative studies of digital tools for recruiting and/or retaining participants in health RCTs. Two reviewers independently screened references against protocol-specified eligibility criteria. Included studies were coded by one reviewer with 20% checked by a second reviewer, using pre-defined keywords to describe characteristics of the studies, populations and digital tools evaluated. Results: We identified 9163 potentially relevant references, of which 104 articles reporting 105 comparative studies were included in the systematic map. The number of published studies on digital tools has doubled in the past decade, but most studies evaluated digital tools for recruitment rather than retention. The key health areas investigated were health promotion, cancers, circulatory system diseases and mental health. Few studies focussed on minority or under-served populations, and most studies were observational. The most frequently-studied digital tools were social media, Internet sites, email and tv/radio for recruitment; and email and text-messaging for retention. One quarter of the studies measured efficiency (cost per recruited or retained participant) but few studies have evaluated people’s attitudes towards the use of digital tools. Conclusions: This systematic map highlights a number of evidence gaps and may help stakeholders to identify and prioritise further research needs. In particular, there is a need for rigorous research on the efficiency of the digital tools and their impact on RCT participants and investigators, perhaps as studies-within-a-trial (SWAT) research. There is also a need for research into how digital tools may improve participant retention in RCTs which is currently underrepresented relative to recruitment research. Registration: Not registered; based on a pre-specified protocol, peer-reviewed by the project’s Advisory Board.
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Social Media Use for Research Participant Recruitment: Integrative Literature Review
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- Authors
- Frampton, G. K., Shepherd, J., Pickett, K., Griffiths, G., & Wyatt, J. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Southampton (GB)
- Southampton General Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Frampton, Geoff K.
- Venue
- Trials
- Published
- 2020-06-05
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 478-478
- ISSN
- 1745-6215 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7273688
- OpenAlex
- W3033583499
- Cited by
- 119
- References
- 190
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 9
- FWCI
- 2.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Trials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Social Media in Health Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics in Clinical Research
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
- Keywords
- participant recruitment, participant retention, randomized controlled trials, digital tools, social media, text messaging, email, data mining, recruitment efficiency, cost per participant, underserved populations, research gaps
- MeSH terms
- Stakeholder Participation, United Kingdom, Humans, Software, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Efficiency, Organizational, Patient Selection, Health Care Surveys, Text Messaging, Social Media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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