Cited by 42Malaria Research and ControlInsect Resistance and GeneticsVector-borne infectious diseases

Long-term trends in Anopheles gambiae insecticide resistance in Côte d’Ivoire

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Edi, Constant AV, Koudou, Benjamin G, Bellai, Louise, Adja, Akre M, Chouaibou, Mouhamadou, Bonfoh, Bassirou, Barry, Sarah JE, Johnson, Paul CD +5 more·2014·Parasites & Vectors

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Malaria control is heavily dependent on the use of insecticides that target adult mosquito vectors via insecticide treated nets (ITNs) or indoor residual spraying (IRS). Four classes of insecticide are approved for IRS but only pyrethroids are available for ITNs. The rapid rise in insecticide resistance in African malaria vectors has raised alarms about the sustainability of existing malaria control activities. This problem might be particularly acute in Côte d'Ivoire where resistance to all four insecticide classes has recently been recorded. Here we investigate temporal trends in insecticide resistance across the ecological zones of Côte d'Ivoire to determine whether apparent pan-African patterns of increasing resistance are detectable and consistent across insecticides and areas. METHODS: We combined data on insecticide resistance from a literature review, and bioassays conducted on field-caught Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes for the four WHO-approved insecticide classes for ITN/IRS. The data were then mapped using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and the IR mapper tool to provide spatial and temporal distribution data on insecticide resistance in An. gambiae sensu lato from Côte d'Ivoire between 1993 and 2014. RESULTS: Bioassay mortality decreased over time for all insecticide classes, though with significant spatiotemporal variation, such that stronger declines were observed in the southern ecological zone for DDT and pyrethroids than in the central zone, but with an apparently opposite effect for the carbamate and organophosphate. Variation in relative abundance of the molecular forms, coupled with dramatic increase in kdr 1014F frequency in M forms (An. coluzzii) seems likely to be a contributory factor to these patterns. Although records of resistance across insecticide classes have become more common, the number of classes tested in studies has also increased, precluding a conclusion that multiple resistance has also increased. CONCLUSION: Our analyses attempted synthesis of 22 years of bioassay data from Côte d'Ivoire, and despite a number of caveats and potentially confounding variables, suggest significant but spatially-variable temporal trends in insecticide resistance. In the light of such spatio-temporal dynamics, regular, systematic and spatially-expanded monitoring is warranted to provide accurate information on insecticide resistance for control programme management.

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  1. [24]WHO Ten Years of Onchocerciasis Control: Review of the Work of the Onchocerciasis Control Programme in the Volta River Basin Area from 1974 to 1984. OCP/GVA/85. 1A 1985 Geneva World Health Organization
  2. [25]Le Berre R Juge E Rossolin P Grébaut S FED - OCCGE Campaign for Onchocerciasis Vector Control: Target Site of Sikasso (Mali), Tiassalé et Korhogo (Côte d’Ivoire) Technical Conference OCCGE 1967 Bobo-Dioulasso OCCGE 256 257

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Authors
Edi, C. A., Koudou, B. G., Bellai, L., Adja, A. M., Chouaibou, M., Bonfoh, B., Barry, S. J., Johnson, P. C., Müller, P., Dongus, S., N’Goran, E. K., Ranson, H., & Weetman, D.
Affiliations
  • Université Nangui Abrogoua (CI)
  • Swiss Centre for Scientific Research (CI)
  • University of Glasgow (GB)
  • Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (CH)
  • Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (GB)
Corresponding author
Koudou, Benjamin G
Venue
Parasites & Vectors
Published
2014-11-28
Volume
7
Issue
1
Pages
500-500
ISSN
1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W2110276328
Cited by
42
References
25
Citations by year
2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 1
FWCI
0.36
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • LSTM Online Archive (Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
  • edoc (University of Basel) (acceptedVersion)
  • IHI Repository (acceptedVersion)
  • ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
European Commission (2007–2013, 265660)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Insect Resistance and Genetics
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
Keywords
Anopheles gambiae, insecticide resistance, malaria vectors, temporal trends, spatiotemporal variation, DDT resistance, pyrethroid resistance, carbamate resistance, organophosphate resistance, Anopheles coluzzii, malaria control, Côte d'Ivoire, resistance monitoring
MeSH terms
Animals, Anopheles, Insecticide Resistance, Insecticides, Cote d'Ivoire, Insect Proteins

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