Long-term trends in Anopheles gambiae insecticide resistance in Côte d’Ivoire
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Malaria control is heavily dependent on the use of insecticides that target adult mosquito vectors via insecticide treated nets (ITNs) or indoor residual spraying (IRS). Four classes of insecticide are approved for IRS but only pyrethroids are available for ITNs. The rapid rise in insecticide resistance in African malaria vectors has raised alarms about the sustainability of existing malaria control activities. This problem might be particularly acute in Côte d'Ivoire where resistance to all four insecticide classes has recently been recorded. Here we investigate temporal trends in insecticide resistance across the ecological zones of Côte d'Ivoire to determine whether apparent pan-African patterns of increasing resistance are detectable and consistent across insecticides and areas. METHODS: We combined data on insecticide resistance from a literature review, and bioassays conducted on field-caught Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes for the four WHO-approved insecticide classes for ITN/IRS. The data were then mapped using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and the IR mapper tool to provide spatial and temporal distribution data on insecticide resistance in An. gambiae sensu lato from Côte d'Ivoire between 1993 and 2014. RESULTS: Bioassay mortality decreased over time for all insecticide classes, though with significant spatiotemporal variation, such that stronger declines were observed in the southern ecological zone for DDT and pyrethroids than in the central zone, but with an apparently opposite effect for the carbamate and organophosphate. Variation in relative abundance of the molecular forms, coupled with dramatic increase in kdr 1014F frequency in M forms (An. coluzzii) seems likely to be a contributory factor to these patterns. Although records of resistance across insecticide classes have become more common, the number of classes tested in studies has also increased, precluding a conclusion that multiple resistance has also increased. CONCLUSION: Our analyses attempted synthesis of 22 years of bioassay data from Côte d'Ivoire, and despite a number of caveats and potentially confounding variables, suggest significant but spatially-variable temporal trends in insecticide resistance. In the light of such spatio-temporal dynamics, regular, systematic and spatially-expanded monitoring is warranted to provide accurate information on insecticide resistance for control programme management.
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The resistance status of malaria vectors to pyrethroids is increasingly high in Côte d'Ivoire.
“Also the resistance status of malaria vectors to pyrethroids is increasingly high in Côte d'Ivoire [28, 29].”
From Malaria transmission in the coastal zone and in the Centre of Côte d'Ivoire during the dry season (2024) · cites this paper as [28]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Edi, C. A., Koudou, B. G., Bellai, L., Adja, A. M., Chouaibou, M., Bonfoh, B., Barry, S. J., Johnson, P. C., Müller, P., Dongus, S., N’Goran, E. K., Ranson, H., & Weetman, D.
- Affiliations
- Université Nangui Abrogoua (CI)
- Swiss Centre for Scientific Research (CI)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (CH)
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Koudou, Benjamin G
- ORCID
- Venue
- Parasites & Vectors
- Published
- 2014-11-28
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 500-500
- ISSN
- 1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4269959
- OpenAlex
- W2110276328
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 0.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSTM Online Archive (Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- edoc (University of Basel) (acceptedVersion)
- IHI Repository (acceptedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission (2007–2013, 265660)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Insect Resistance and Genetics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
- Keywords
- Anopheles gambiae, insecticide resistance, malaria vectors, temporal trends, spatiotemporal variation, DDT resistance, pyrethroid resistance, carbamate resistance, organophosphate resistance, Anopheles coluzzii, malaria control, Côte d'Ivoire, resistance monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anopheles, Insecticide Resistance, Insecticides, Cote d'Ivoire, Insect Proteins
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Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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