Assessing Anopheles vector species diversity and transmission of malaria in four health districts along the borders of Côte d’Ivoire

Yokoly, Firmain N.; Zahouli, Julien B. Z.; Small, Graham; Ouattara, Allassane F.; Opoku, Millicent; de Souza, Dziedzom K.; Koudou, Benjamin G.

doi:10.1186/s12936-021-03938-1

Cited by 24Malaria Research and ControlBird parasitology and diseasesMosquito-borne diseases and control

Assessing Anopheles vector species diversity and transmission of malaria in four health districts along the borders of Côte d’Ivoire

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Yokoly, Firmain N., Zahouli, Julien B. Z., Small, Graham, Ouattara, Allassane F., Opoku, Millicent, de Souza, Dziedzom K., Koudou, Benjamin G.·2021·Malaria Journal

DOI 10.1186/s12936-021-03938-1PMC PMC8524949

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Although malaria and Anopheles mosquito vectors are highly prevalent in Côte d'Ivoire, limited data are available to help understand the malaria vector density and transmission dynamics in areas bordering the country. To address this gap, the Anopheles mosquito species diversity, the members of the Anopheles gambiae complex and the transmission of malaria were assessed in four health districts along the borders of Côte d'Ivoire. METHODS: From July 2016 through December 2016 and July 2017 through December 2017, adult Anopheles mosquitoes were collected in four health districts of Côte d'Ivoire (Aboisso, Bloléquin, Odienné and Ouangolodougou) using standardized window exit trap (WET) and pyrethrum knockdown spray collection (PSC) methods. The collected mosquitoes were identified morphologically at species level and the members of the An. gambiae complex were separated using short interspersed nuclear element-based polymerase chain reaction (SINE-PCR). Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (s.l.), Anopheles funestus s.l. and Anopheles nili specimens were analysed for malaria Plasmodium parasite detection using the cytochrome oxidase I gene (COX-I), and malaria prevalence among human population through local Ministry of Health (MoH) statistical yearbooks. RESULTS: A total of 281 female Anopheles were collected in Aboisso, 754 in Bloléquin, 1319 in Odienné and 2443 in Ouangolodougou. Seven Anopheles species were recorded including An. gambiae s.l. (94.8-99.1%) as the main vector, followed by An. funestus s.l. (0.4-4.3%) and An. nili (0-0.7%). Among An. gambiae s.l., Anopheles coluzzii represented the predominant species in Aboisso (89.2%) and Bloléquin (92.2%), while An. gambiae sensu stricto (s.s.) was the major species in Odienné (96.0%) and Ouangolodougou (94.2%). The Plasmodium sporozoite infection rate in An. gambiae s.l. was highest in Odienné (11.0%; n = 100) followed by Bloléquin (7.8%, n = 115), Aboisso (3.1%; n = 65) and Ouangologoudou (2.5%; n = 120). In An. funestus s.l., Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite infection rate was estimated at 6.2% (n = 32) in Bloléquin, 8.7% (n = 23) in Odienné. No An. funestus s.l. specimens were found infected with P. falciparum sporozoite infection in Ouangolodougou and Aboisso. No P. falciparum sporozoite was detected in An. nili specimens in the four health districts. Among the local human populations, malaria incidence was higher in Odienné (39.7%; n = 45,376) and Bloléquin (37.6%; n = 150,205) compared to that in Ouangolodougou (18.3%; n = 131,629) and Aboisso (19.7%; n = 364,585). CONCLUSION: Anopheles vector species diversity, abundance and Plasmodium sporozoite infection were high within the health districts along the borders of the country of Côte d'Ivoire, resulting in high malaria transmission among the local populations. Anopheles gambiae s.l. and An. funestus s.l. were found to be highly infected with Plasmodium in the health districts of Bloléquin and Odienné where higher malaria incidence was observed than the other districts. This study provides important information that can be used to guide Côte d'Ivoire National Malaria Control Programme for vector control decision-making, mainly in districts that are at the country borders.

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In Côte d'Ivoire, An. funestus and An. nili are more punctuated in the center and southeast of the country, respectively.
“Unlike these two vectors, An. funestus and An. nili are more punctuated in the center and southeast of the country respectively (Touré et al. 2018; Assouho et al. 2020; Yokoly et al. 2021).”
From Resting and feeding behaviour of malaria vectors, in two areas of high long-lasting insecticidal nets coverage in Côte d'Ivoire (2024) · cites this paper as Yokoly et al. 2021
The Results section, “Mosquito species composition” (page not provided), records both species in Côte d’Ivoire, but does not establish that An. funestus is concentrated in the centre or An. nili in the southeast. The study sampled four border districts, not a countrywide distribution; it found An. funestus at its highest sampled proportion in western Bloléquin and very few An. nili in three districts. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
A study conducted in coastal cities such as San Pedro, Abidjan and Aboisso showed that the An. gambiae complex was dominated by the molecular form M (An. coluzzii).
“A study conducted in coastal cities such as San Pedro, Abidjan and Aboisso showed that the An. gambiae complex was dominated by the molecular form M (An. coluzzii) [17, 20].”
From Malaria transmission in the coastal zone and in the Centre of Côte d'Ivoire during the dry season (2024) · cites this paper as [17]
The Results (Gambiae complex species distribution) report that An. coluzzii predominated in Aboisso, comprising 89.2% of analysed An. gambiae s.l. specimens. The Background identifies An. coluzzii as the former M form. This paper studied Aboisso but not San Pedro or Abidjan, so it does not support the claim for those cities. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In Côte d'Ivoire, An. gambiae s.l. is the most abundant complex, and An. coluzzii predominates in the central, southern and western parts, while An. gambiae s.s. is abundant in the northern and eastern parts.
“The most abundant complex is An. gambiae s.l., and the sibling species Anopheles coluzzii predominates in the central, southern and western parts of Côte d’Ivoire, while An. gambiae (s.s.) is abundant in the northern and eastern parts of the country [4, 16].”
From Characterization and abundance of malaria vectors in Sakassou, Central Côte d'Ivoire (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
The Results (Mosquito species composition; Gambiae complex species distribution) identify An. gambiae s.l. as predominant at all four study sites, with An. coluzzii predominant in two forest-zone districts and An. gambiae s.s. frequent in two savannah-zone districts. The Discussion also describes a forest–savannah pattern, but the paper does not establish the claimed distribution across all central, southern, western, northern and eastern parts of Côte d’Ivoire. The supplied passages have no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
An. coluzzii is very common across Côte d'Ivoire and in other West African countries, such as Ghana, Benin and Burkina Faso.
“Of note, An. coluzzii is very common across Côte d’Ivoire [5, 16, 35] and in other West African countries, such as Ghana [36], Benin [37] and Burkina Faso [38].”
From Characterization and abundance of malaria vectors in Sakassou, Central Côte d'Ivoire (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
The Background says An. coluzzii is widespread across Côte d’Ivoire, supporting the countrywide distribution attributed to this source. But the Results (Gambiae complex species distribution) show it predominated in the two forest districts while An. gambiae s.s. accounted for 94–96% of specimens in the two savannah districts; the source therefore does not support 'very common' uniformly across the country. The claims about Ghana, Benin and Burkina Faso have separate citations in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Previous work has shown that the major vector for malaria transmission is An. gambiae s.l.
“Previous work has also shown that the major vector for malaria transmission is An. gambiae s.l. [16, 17].”
From Malaria transmission in the coastal zone and in the Centre of Côte d'Ivoire during the dry season (2024) · cites this paper as [17]

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Yokoly, F. N., Zahouli, J. Z. B., Small, G. J., Ouattara, A. F., Opoku, M., de Souza, D. K., & Koudou, B. G. (2020) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-77063/v1
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Anopheles sampling collections in the health districts of Korhogo (Côte d’Ivoire) and Diébougou (Burkina Faso) between 2016 and 2018
Taconet, P., Zogo, B., Soma, D. D., Alou, L. P. A., Mouline, K., Dabiré, R. K., Koffi, A. A., Pennetier, C., & Moiroux, N. (2023) · Gigabyte · doi:10.46471/gigabyte.83 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Authors: Yokoly, F. N., Zahouli, J. B. Z., Small, G., Ouattara, A. F., Opoku, M., de Souza, D. K., & Koudou, B. G.
Affiliations: Université Nangui Abrogoua (CI)
Innovative Vector Control Consortium (GB)
University of Ghana (GH)
Corresponding author: Yokoly, Firmain N.
ORCID: Yokoly, Firmain N.
Ouattara, Allassane F.
Opoku, Millicent
Koudou, Benjamin G.
Venue: Malaria Journal
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2021-10-18
Volume: 20
Issue: 1
Pages: 409-409
ISSN: 1475-2875 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1186/s12936-021-03938-1
PMC: PMC8524949
OpenAlex: W3207872761
Cited by: 24
References: 61
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2
FWCI: 3.03
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
Locations: Malaria Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
LSTM Online Archive (Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Greater South Information System
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Bird parasitology and diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
Keywords: malaria vectors, Anopheles gambiae s.l., malaria transmission, Anopheles coluzzii, Anopheles funestus, Anopheles nili, malaria prevalence
MeSH terms: Mosquito Vectors, Animals, Anopheles, Female, Cote d'Ivoire, Malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, Biodiversity

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Assessing Anopheles vector species diversity and transmission of malaria in four health districts along the borders of Côte d’Ivoire

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