Resistance status of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) to four commonly used insecticides for malaria vector control in South-East Nigeria
Open accessAbstract
Background: Progress made in the control of malaria vectors globally is largely due to the use of insecticides. However, success in the fight against malaria has slowed down or even stalled due to a host of factors including insecticide resistance. The greatest burden of the disease is felt in Africa, particularly Nigeria. Unfortunately, adequate information on insecticide resistance is lacking in many parts of the country, particularly the South-East Zone. Hence, this study aims to bridge the information gap in the Zone. Methods: The study was conducted from April to December 2016. Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) larvae and pupae were collected from one community each, in the five states of the South-East Zone and reared to the adult stage. The adults were subjected to bioassays for insecticide resistance in accordance with the World Health Organization test procedures, across the four classes of insecticides used in public health. The mosquitoes were also subjected to molecular identification to the species level, and genotyped for West African knockdown resistance mutation (L1014F) and insensitive acetylcholinesterase-1 resistance mutation (G119S). Results: The mosquitoes were susceptible (100%) to bendiocarb but resistant to pirimiphos-methyl (39.6%), deltamethrin (57%) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) (13%). Molecular analysis revealed that only An. gambiae (sensu stricto) was found in all the states except for Ebonyi, where only Anopheles coluzzii was present. High frequencies (0.6–0.9) of the L1014F mutation were found across the zone. The L1014F mutation was significantly higher in An. gambiae (s.s.) than in An. coluzzii (P < 0.0001). A relatively low frequency (0.2) of the G119S mutation was found in An. coluzzii, and only in Ebonyi State. Conclusion: The results show that mosquitoes collected from the South-East Zone of Nigeria were resistant to all insecticides used, except for bendiocarb. The presence of L1014F and G119S resistance mutations reported in this study calls for urgent attention to stop the growing threat of insecticide resistance in the country.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Past and recent surveys in Delta and Anambra States have failed to detect An. arabiensis in field campaigns, except on very few occasions.
“except on very few occasions [49–51], past and recent surveys in Delta and Anambra States have failed to detect An. arabiensis in field campaigns [14, 17, 52].”
From Sibling species of the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae display divergent preferences for aquatic breeding sites in southern Nigeria (2024) · cites this paper as [52]
The Results (Distribution of sibling species; page unavailable) show that all 30 mosquitoes identified from Anambra were An. gambiae (s.s.), supporting non-detection of An. arabiensis in this survey. The Methods (Study area; page unavailable) list no Delta site, and this paper does not establish the claim about past and recent surveys across both states. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Nkya, T. E., Akhouayri, I., Poupardin, R., Batengana, B., Mosha, F., Magesa, S., Kisinza, W., & David, J.-P. (2014) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2875-13-28 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 20
- [6]Awolola TS Brooke BD Hunt RH Coetze M Resistance of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s. to pyrethroid insecticides, in south-western Nigeria Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2002 96 849 852 12625942
- [7]Awolola TS Oduola AO Oyewole IO Obansa JB Amajoh CN Koekemoer LL Dynamics of knockdown pyrethroid insecticide resistance alleles in a field population of Anopheles gambiae s.s. in southwestern Nigeria J Vector Borne Dis. 2007 44 181 188 17896620
- [8]Awolola TS Oduola OA Strode C Koekemoer LL Brooke B Ranson H Evidence of multiple pyrethroid resistance mechanisms in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto from Nigeria Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2009 103 1139 1145 18829056
- [9]Okorie PN Ademowo OG Irving H Kelly-Hope LA Wondji CS Insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles coluzzii and Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes in Ibadan, Southwest Nigeria Med Vet Entomol. 2015 29 44 50 25417803 PMC4319996
- [18]Collins FH Mendez MA Rasmussen MO Mehaffey PC Besansky NJ Finnerty V A ribosomal RNA gene probe differentiates member species of the Anopheles gambiae complex Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1987 37 37 41 2886070
- [19]Santolamazza F Mancini E Simard F Qi Y Tu Z della Torre A Insertion polymorphisms of SINE200 retrotransposons within speciation islands of Anopheles gambiae molecular forms Malar J. 2008 7 163 18724871 PMC2546427
- [20]Martinez-Torres D Chandre F Williamson MS Darriet F Berge JB Devonshire AL Molecular characterization of pyrethroid knockdown resistance (kdr) in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s Insect Mol Biol. 1998 7 179 184 9535162
- [21]Weill M Malcolm C Chandre F Mogensen K Berthomieu A Marquine M The unique mutation in ace-1 giving high insecticide resistance is easily detectable in mosquito vectors Insect Mol Biol. 2004 13 1 7 14728661
- [24]Goudet J Raymond M de Meeüs T Rousset F Testing differentiation in diploid populations Genetics. 1996 144 1933 1940 8978076 PMC1207740
- [27]Akogbeto M Yakoubou S Resistance of malaria vectors to pyrethrins used for impregnating mosquito nets in Benin, West Africa Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 1999 92 123 130 10399604
- [29]Gnanguenon V Agossa FR Badirou K Govoetchan R Anagonou R Oke-Agbo F Malaria vectors resistance to insecticides in Benin: current trends and mechanisms involved Parasit Vectors. 2015 8 223 25886599 PMC4395909
- [31]Odeyemi OO, Gbaye OA, Akeju O. Resistance of Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.) to pirimiphos methyl in three zones in Nigeria. 9th International Working Conference on Stored Product Protection, 15–18 October 2006, São Paulo, Brazil; 2006.
- [33]Chouaïbou MS Fodjo BK Fokou G Allassane OF Koudou BG David JP Influence of the agrochemicals used for rice and vegetable cultivation on insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in southern Côte d’Ivoire Malar J. 2016 15 426 27553959 PMC4995742
- [34]Djouaka RF Bakare AA Coulibaly ON Akogbeto MC Ranson H Hemingway J Expression of the cytochrome P450s, CYP6P3 and CYP6M2 are significantly elevated in multiple pyrethroid resistant populations of Anopheles gambiae s.s. from southern Benin and Nigeria BMC Genomics. 2008 9 538 19014539 PMC2588609
- [36]Ibrahim SS Mukhtar MM Datti JA Irving H Kusimo MO Tchapga W Temporal escalation of pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles coluzzii from Sahelo-Sudanian Region of northern Nigeria Sci Rep. 2019 9 7395 31089196 PMC6517445
- [37]Awolola TS Adeogun A Olakiigbe AK Oyeniyi T Olukosi YA Okoh H Pyrethroids resistance intensity and resistance mechanisms in Anopheles gambiae from malaria vector surveillance sites in Nigeria PLoS One. 2018 13 e0205230 30517090 PMC6281219
- [38]Fagbohun IK Oyeniyi TA Idowu TE Otubanjo OA Awolola ST Cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase and resistance phenotype in DDT and deltamethrin-resistant Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) and Culex quinquefasciatus in Kosofe, Lagos, Nigeria J Med Entomol. 2019 56 817 821 30753574 PMC6467639
- [39]Ibrahim SS Manu YA Tukur Z Irving H Wondji CS High frequency of kdr L1014F is associated with pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles coluzzii in Sudan savannah of northern Nigeria BMC Infect Dis. 2014 14 441 25127882 PMC4147187
- [41]Edi AVC N’Dri BP Chouaibou M Kouadio FB Pignatelli P Raso G First detection of N1575Y mutation in pyrethroid resistant Anopheles gambiae in southern Côte d’Ivoire Wellcome Open Res. 2017 2 71 29018842 PMC5627500
- [42]Jones CM Liyanapathirana M Agossa FR Weetman D Ranson H Donnelly MJ Footprints of positive selection associated with a mutation (N1575Y) in the voltage-gated sodium channel of Anopheles gambiae Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012 109 6614 6619 22493253 PMC3340067
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Yokoly, F. N., Zahouli, J. B. Z., Small, G., Ouattara, A. F., Opoku, M., de Souza, D. K., & Koudou, B. G. (2021) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/s12936-021-03938-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ebhodaghe, F. I., Sanchez-Vargas, I., Isaac, C., Foy, B. D., & Hemming-Schroeder, E. (2024) · Malaria Journal · doi:10.1186/s12936-024-04871-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Secondly, except on very few occasions [49–51], past and recent surveys in Delta and Anambra States have failed to detect An. arabiensis in field campaigns [14, 17, 52].”
Background
- Authors
- Chukwuekezie, O., Nwosu, E., Nwangwu, U., Dogunro, F., Onwude, C., Agashi, N., Ezihe, E., Anioke, C., Anokwu, S., Eloy, E., Attah, P., Orizu, F., Ewo, S., Okoronkwo, A., Joseph, A., Ikeakor, I., Haruna, S., & Gnanguenon, V.
- Affiliations
- National Arbovirus and Vectors Research Centre (NG)
- Corresponding author
- Gnanguenon, Virgile
- Venue
- Parasites & Vectors
- Published
- 2020-03-24
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 152-152
- ISSN
- 1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7092433
- OpenAlex
- W3013821444
- Cited by
- 61
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 5.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Australian Government
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Malaria Research and Control
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Insect Resistance and Genetics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Dengue and Mosquito Control Research
- Keywords
- Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles coluzzii, insecticide resistance, malaria vector control, pyrethroid resistance, deltamethrin, pirimiphos-methyl, DDT resistance, bendiocarb, kdr mutation, L1014F, South-East Nigeria, mosquito species composition
- MeSH terms
- Mosquito Vectors, Acetylcholinesterase, Animals, Anopheles, DDT, Female, Insecticide Resistance, Insecticides, Larva, Malaria, Mosquito Control, Mutation, Nigeria, Nitriles, Organothiophosphorus Compounds, Pupa, Pyrethrins, World Health Organization, Phenylcarbamates, Gene Knockdown Techniques
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
