CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 318Epigenetics and DNA MethylationSystemic Lupus Erythematosus ResearchGenomics and Chromatin Dynamics

The emerging role of epigenetics in human autoimmune disorders

Open access
Mazzone, Roberta, Zwergel, Clemens, Artico, Marco, Taurone, Samanta, Ralli, Massimo, Greco, Antonio, Mai, Antonello·2019·Clinical Epigenetics
DOI 10.1186/s13148-019-0632-2PMC PMC6390373
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Epigenetic pathways play a pivotal role in the development and function of the immune system. Over the last decade, a growing body of studies has been published out seeking to explain a correlation between epigenetic modifications and the development of autoimmune disorders. Epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and noncoding RNAs, are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases mainly by regulating gene expression. This paper reviews the importance of epigenetic alterations during the development of the most prevalent human autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc), Sjogren's syndrome (SS), autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD), and type 1 diabetes (T1D), aiming to provide new insights in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and the possibility to develop novel therapeutic approaches targeting the epigenome.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s13148-019-0632-2

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Positive regulation of miRNA-510 and negative regulation of miRNA-342 and 191 contribute to the development of diabetes.

    “It has also been reported that there is positive regulation of miRNA-510, as well as negative regulation of miRNA-342 and 191, which contribute to the development of the disease [90,91].”

    From Revisiting Epigenetics Fundamentals and Its Biomedical Implications (2024) · cites this paper as [90]

    The Type 1 diabetes (T1D) section reports upregulated miR-510 and downregulated miR-342 and miR-191 in T1D. It describes these expression changes as associated with T1D, but does not establish that they contribute to the disease’s development. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • In diabetes, increased levels of histone methylations have been identified in the promoter of CLT4, a gene highly susceptible to type 1 diabetes, and correlated with the activation of T cells.

    “In other diseases such as diabetes, increased levels of histone methylations have been identified in the promoter of CLT4, a gene highly susceptible to type 1 diabetes that has been correlated with the activation of T cells.”

    From Revisiting Epigenetics Fundamentals and Its Biomedical Implications (2024) · cites this paper as [90]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 168 · Cited by 318

Research works printed but not linked: 155

  1. [1]Bird A Perceptions of epigenetics Nature 2007 447 7143 396 398 10.1038/nature05913 17522671 · DOI · Paper page
  2. [2]Moosavi A Motevalizadeh AA Role of epigenetics in biology and human diseases Iran Biomed J 2016 20 5 246 258 27377127 PMC5075137
  3. [3]Mazzone R Zwergel C Mai A Valente S Epi-drugs in combination with immunotherapy: a new avenue to improve anticancer efficacy Clin Epigenetics 2017 9 59 10.1186/s13148-017-0358-y 28572863 PMC5450222 · DOI
  4. [4]Du J Johnson LM Jacobsen SE Patel DJ DNA methylation pathways and their crosstalk with histone methylation Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015 16 9 519 532 10.1038/nrm4043 26296162 PMC4672940 · DOI · Paper page
  5. [5]Torres IO Fujimori DG Functional coupling between writers, erasers and readers of histone and DNA methylation Curr Opin Struct Biol 2015 35 68 75 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.09.007 26496625 PMC4688207 · DOI
  6. [6]Schubeler D Function and information content of DNA methylation Nature 2015 517 7534 321 326 10.1038/nature14192 25592537 · DOI · Paper page
  7. [7]Bjornsson HT Fallin MD Feinberg AP An integrated epigenetic and genetic approach to common human disease Trends Genet 2004 20 8 350 358 10.1016/j.tig.2004.06.009 15262407 · DOI · Paper page
  8. [8]Vaissiere T Sawan C Herceg Z Epigenetic interplay between histone modifications and DNA methylation in gene silencing Mutat Res 2008 659 1–2 40 48 10.1016/j.mrrev.2008.02.004 18407786 · DOI
  9. [9]Zwergel C Valente S Mai A DNA methyltransferases inhibitors from natural sources Curr Top Med Chem 2016 16 7 680 696 10.2174/1568026615666150825141505 26303417 · DOI
  10. [10]Jurkowski TP Jeltsch A On the evolutionary origin of eukaryotic DNA methyltransferases and Dnmt2 PLoS One 2011 6 11 e28104 10.1371/journal.pone.0028104 22140515 PMC3227630 · DOI
  11. [11]Jurkowska RZ Jeltsch A Mechanisms and biological roles of DNA methyltransferases and DNA methylation: from past achievements to future challenges Adv Exp Med Biol 2016 945 1 17 10.1007/978-3-319-43624-1_1 27826832 · DOI
  12. [12]Wadhwa E Nicolaides T Bromodomain inhibitor review: Bromodomain and extra-terminal family protein inhibitors as a potential new therapy in central nervous system tumors Cureus 2016 8 5 e620 10.7759/cureus.620 27382528 PMC4917374 · DOI
  13. [13]Chen Z Miao F Paterson AD Lachin JM Zhang L Schones DE Epigenomic profiling reveals an association between persistence of DNA methylation and metabolic memory in the DCCT/EDIC type 1 diabetes cohort Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016 113 21 E3002 E3011 10.1073/pnas.1603712113 27162351 PMC4890596 · DOI
  14. [14]Paul DS Teschendorff AE Dang MA Lowe R Hawa MI Ecker S Increased DNA methylation variability in type 1 diabetes across three immune effector cell types Nat Commun 2016 7 13555 10.1038/ncomms13555 27898055 PMC5141286 · DOI
  15. [15]Tahara T Hirata I Nakano N Nagasaka M Nakagawa Y Shibata T Comprehensive DNA methylation profiling of inflammatory mucosa in ulcerative colitis Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017 23 1 165 173 10.1097/MIB.0000000000000990 27930411 · DOI
  16. [16]Lawrence M Daujat S Schneider R Lateral thinking: how histone modifications regulate gene expression Trends Genet 2016 32 1 42 56 10.1016/j.tig.2015.10.007 26704082 · DOI
  17. [17]Venkatesh S Workman JL Histone exchange, chromatin structure and the regulation of transcription Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015 16 3 178 189 10.1038/nrm3941 25650798 · DOI
  18. [18]Dieker J Muller S Epigenetic histone code and autoimmunity Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2010 39 1 78 84 10.1007/s12016-009-8173-7 19662539 · DOI
  19. [19]Zwergel C Valente S Jacob C Mai A Emerging approaches for histone deacetylase inhibitor drug discovery Expert Opin Drug Discovery 2015 10 6 599 613 10.1517/17460441.2015.1038236 25895649 · DOI
  20. [20]Chistiakov DA Orekhov AN Bobryshev YV Treatment of cardiovascular pathology with epigenetically active agents: focus on natural and synthetic inhibitors of DNA methylation and histone deacetylation Int J Cardiol 2017 227 66 82 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.11.204 27852009 · DOI
  21. [22]Akimova T Beier UH Liu Y Wang L Hancock WW Histone/protein deacetylases and T-cell immune responses Blood 2012 119 11 2443 2451 10.1182/blood-2011-10-292003 22246031 PMC3311271 · DOI
  22. [23]Panella S Marcocci ME Celestino I Valente S Zwergel C Li Puma DD MC1568 inhibits HDAC6/8 activity and influenza a virus replication in lung epithelial cells: role of Hsp90 acetylation Future Med Chem 2016 8 17 2017 2031 10.4155/fmc-2016-0073 27739328 · DOI
  23. [24]Yan N Zhou JZ Zhang JA Cai T Zhang W Wang Y Histone hypoacetylation and increased histone deacetylases in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with graves’ disease Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015 414 143 147 10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.037 26116233 · DOI
  24. [26]Rinn JL Chang HY Genome regulation by long noncoding RNAs Annu Rev Biochem 2012 81 145 166 10.1146/annurev-biochem-051410-092902 22663078 PMC3858397 · DOI
  25. [30]Vicente R Noel D Pers YM Apparailly F Jorgensen C Deregulation and therapeutic potential of microRNAs in arthritic diseases Nat Rev Rheumatol 2016 12 8 496 10.1038/nrrheum.2016.119 27411908 · DOI · Paper page
  26. [31]Chen JQ Papp G Szodoray P Zeher M The role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases Autoimmun Rev 2016 15 12 1171 1180 10.1016/j.autrev.2016.09.003 27639156 · DOI
  27. [32]Fedeli M Riba M Garcia Manteiga JM Tian L Vigano V Rossetti G miR-17 approximately 92 family clusters control iNKT cell ontogenesis via modulation of TGF-beta signaling Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016 113 51 E8286 E8E95 10.1073/pnas.1612024114 27930306 PMC5187732 · DOI
  28. [34]Helmick CG Felson DT Lawrence RC Gabriel S Hirsch R Kwoh CK Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the United States Part I Arthritis Rheum 2008 58 1 15 25 10.1002/art.23177 18163481 · DOI
  29. [35]Walsh SJ Rau LM Autoimmune diseases: a leading cause of death among young and middle-aged women in the United States Am J Public Health 2000 90 9 1463 1466 10.2105/AJPH.90.9.1463 10983209 PMC1447637 · DOI
  30. [36]Marie I Hachulla E Hatron PY Hellot MF Levesque H Devulder B Polymyositis and dermatomyositis: short term and longterm outcome, and predictive factors of prognosis J Rheumatol 2001 28 10 2230 2237 11669162
  31. [37]Meroni PL Schur PH ANA screening: an old test with new recommendations Ann Rheum Dis 2010 69 8 1420 1422 10.1136/ard.2009.127100 20511607 · DOI
  32. [38]Kavanaugh A Tomar R Reveille J Solomon DH Homburger HA Guidelines for clinical use of the antinuclear antibody test and tests for specific autoantibodies to nuclear antigens. American College of Pathologists Arch Pathol Lab Med 2000 124 1 71 81 10.1043/0003-9985(2000)124<0071:GFCUOT>2.0.CO;2 10629135 · DOI
  33. [39]Hudson M Pope J Mahler M Tatibouet S Steele R Baron M Clinical significance of antibodies to Ro52/TRIM21 in systemic sclerosis Arthritis Res Ther 2012 14 2 R50 10.1186/ar3763 22394602 PMC3446416 · DOI
  34. [40]Higgs BW Zhu W Richman L Fiorentino DF Greenberg SA Jallal B Identification of activated cytokine pathways in the blood of systemic lupus erythematosus, myositis, rheumatoid arthritis, and scleroderma patients Int J Rheum Dis 2012 15 1 25 35 10.1111/j.1756-185X.2011.01654.x 22324944 · DOI
  35. [41]Cho JH Gregersen PK Genomics and the multifactorial nature of human autoimmune disease N Engl J Med 2011 365 17 1612 1623 10.1056/NEJMra1100030 22029983 · DOI
  36. [42]Davidson A Diamond B Autoimmune diseases N Engl J Med 2001 345 5 340 350 10.1056/NEJM200108023450506 11484692 · DOI
  37. [44]Hudson M Rojas-Villarraga A Coral-Alvarado P Lopez-Guzman S Mantilla RD Chalem P Polyautoimmunity and familial autoimmunity in systemic sclerosis J Autoimmun 2008 31 2 156 159 10.1016/j.jaut.2008.05.002 18644698 · DOI
  38. [45]Jeffries MA Sawalha AH Autoimmune disease in the epigenetic era: how has epigenetics changed our understanding of disease and how can we expect the field to evolve? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015 11 1 45 58 10.1586/1744666X.2015.994507 25534978 PMC4636192 · DOI
  39. [46]Strickland FM Richardson BC Epigenetics in human autoimmunity. Epigenetics in autoimmunity - DNA methylation in systemic lupus erythematosus and beyond Autoimmunity 2008 41 4 278 286 10.1080/08916930802024616 18432408 PMC2819669 · DOI
  40. [47]Brooks WH Le Dantec C Pers JO Youinou P Renaudineau Y Epigenetics and autoimmunity J Autoimmun 2010 34 3 J207 J219 10.1016/j.jaut.2009.12.006 20053532 · DOI
  41. [48]Meda F Folci M Baccarelli A Selmi C The epigenetics of autoimmunity Cell Mol Immunol 2011 8 3 226 236 10.1038/cmi.2010.78 21278766 PMC3093958 · DOI
  42. [49]Coit P Yalavarthi S Ognenovski M Zhao W Hasni S Wren JD Epigenome profiling reveals significant DNA demethylation of interferon signature genes in lupus neutrophils J Autoimmun 2015 58 59 66 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.01.004 25638528 PMC4363276 · DOI
  43. [50]Richardson B Primer: epigenetics of autoimmunity Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2007 3 9 521 527 10.1038/ncprheum0573 17762851 · DOI
  44. [51]Yung RL Quddus J Chrisp CE Johnson KJ Richardson BC Mechanism of drug-induced lupus. I. Cloned Th2 cells modified with DNA methylation inhibitors in vitro cause autoimmunity in vivo J Immunol 1995 154 6 3025 3035 7533191
  45. [52]Quddus J Johnson KJ Gavalchin J Amento EP Chrisp CE Yung RL Treating activated CD4+ T cells with either of two distinct DNA methyltransferase inhibitors, 5-azacytidine or procainamide, is sufficient to cause a lupus-like disease in syngeneic mice J Clin Invest 1993 92 1 38 53 10.1172/JCI116576 7686923 PMC293525 · DOI
  46. [53]Richardson B Effect of an inhibitor of DNA methylation on T cells. II. 5-Azacytidine induces self-reactivity in antigen-specific T4+ cells Hum Immunol 1986 17 4 456 470 10.1016/0198-8859(86)90304-6 2432050 · DOI
  47. [54]Richardson BC Liebling MR Hudson JL CD4+ cells treated with DNA methylation inhibitors induce autologous B cell differentiation Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1990 55 3 368 381 10.1016/0090-1229(90)90125-A 1692774 · DOI
  48. [55]Lu Q Kaplan M Ray D Ray D Zacharek S Gutsch D Demethylation of ITGAL (CD11a) regulatory sequences in systemic lupus erythematosus Arthritis Rheum 2002 46 5 1282 1291 10.1002/art.10234 12115234 · DOI
  49. [56]Lu Q Wu A Tesmer L Ray D Yousif N Richardson B Demethylation of CD40LG on the inactive X in T cells from women with lupus J Immunol 2007 179 9 6352 6358 10.4049/jimmunol.179.9.6352 17947713 · DOI
  50. [57]Zhao M Liu Q Liang G Wang L Luo S Tang Q E4BP4 overexpression: a protective mechanism in CD4+ T cells from SLE patients J Autoimmun 2013 41 152 160 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.01.004 23340290 · DOI
  51. [58]Sugita K Torimoto Y Nojima Y Daley JF Schlossman SF Morimoto C The 1A4 molecule (CD27) is involved in T cell activation J Immunol 1991 147 5 1477 1483 1715359
  52. [59]Oelke K Lu Q Richardson D Wu A Deng C Hanash S Overexpression of CD70 and overstimulation of IgG synthesis by lupus T cells and T cells treated with DNA methylation inhibitors Arthritis Rheum 2004 50 6 1850 1860 10.1002/art.20255 15188362 · DOI
  53. [60]Zhao M Sun Y Gao F Wu X Tang J Yin H Epigenetics and SLE: RFX1 downregulation causes CD11a and CD70 overexpression by altering epigenetic modifications in lupus CD4+ T cells J Autoimmun 2010 35 1 58 69 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.02.002 20223637 · DOI
  54. [61]Zhao M Wu X Zhang Q Luo S Liang G Su Y RFX1 regulates CD70 and CD11a expression in lupus T cells by recruiting the histone methyltransferase SUV39H1 Arthritis Res Ther 2010 12 6 R227 10.1186/ar3214 21192791 PMC3046540 · DOI
  55. [62]Sunahori K Nagpal K Hedrich CM Mizui M Fitzgerald LM Tsokos GC The catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2Ac) promotes DNA hypomethylation by suppressing the phosphorylated mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK)/phosphorylated ERK/DNMT1 protein pathway in T-cells from controls and systemic lupus erythematosus patients J Biol Chem 2013 288 30 21936 21944 10.1074/jbc.M113.467266 23775084 PMC3724648 · DOI
  56. [63]Podack ER Young JD Cohn ZA Isolation and biochemical and functional characterization of perforin 1 from cytolytic T-cell granules Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1985 82 24 8629 8633 10.1073/pnas.82.24.8629 2417226 PMC390971 · DOI
  57. [64]Hedrich CM Rauen T Apostolidis SA Grammatikos AP Rodriguez Rodriguez N Ioannidis C Stat3 promotes IL-10 expression in lupus T cells through trans-activation and chromatin remodeling Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014 111 37 13457 13462 10.1073/pnas.1408023111 25187566 PMC4169908 · DOI
  58. [65]Zhao M Tang J Gao F Wu X Liang Y Yin H Hypomethylation of IL10 and IL13 promoters in CD4+ T cells of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus J Biomed Biotechnol 2010 2010 931018 10.1155/2010/931018 20589076 PMC2879555 · DOI
  59. [66]Fang TJ Lin YZ Liu CC Lin CH Li RN Wu CC Methylation and gene expression of histone deacetylases 6 in systemic lupus erythematosus Int J Rheum Dis 2016 19 10 968 973 10.1111/1756-185X.12783 26461065 · DOI
  60. [67]Marks PA Dokmanovic M Histone deacetylase inhibitors: discovery and development as anticancer agents Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005 14 12 1497 1511 10.1517/13543784.14.12.1497 16307490 · DOI
  61. [68]Zhao S Wang Y Liang Y Zhao M Long H Ding S MicroRNA-126 regulates DNA methylation in CD4+ T cells and contributes to systemic lupus erythematosus by targeting DNA methyltransferase 1 Arthritis Rheum 2011 63 5 1376 1386 10.1002/art.30196 21538319 · DOI
  62. [69]Pan W Zhu S Yuan M Cui H Wang L Luo X MicroRNA-21 and microRNA-148a contribute to DNA hypomethylation in lupus CD4+ T cells by directly and indirectly targeting DNA methyltransferase 1 J Immunol 2010 184 12 6773 6781 10.4049/jimmunol.0904060 20483747 · DOI
  63. [70]Xin Q Li J Dang J Bian X Shan S Yuan J miR-155 deficiency ameliorates autoimmune inflammation of systemic lupus erythematosus by targeting S1pr1 in Faslpr/lpr mice J Immunol 2015 194 11 5437 5445 10.4049/jimmunol.1403028 25911753 · DOI
  64. [71]Lu MM Wang J Pan HF Chen GM Li J Cen H Increased serum RANTES in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus Rheumatol Int 2012 32 5 1231 1233 10.1007/s00296-010-1761-2 21258798 · DOI
  65. [72]Smolen JS Aletaha D McInnes IB Rheumatoid arthritis Lancet 2016 388 10055 2023 2038 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30173-8 27156434 · DOI
  66. [73]Joo YB Park Y Kim K Bang SY Bae SC Lee HS Association of CD8(+) T-cells with bone erosion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis Int J Rheum Dis 2018 21 2 440 446 10.1111/1756-185X.13090 28512992 · DOI
  67. [74]Glossop JR Emes RD Nixon NB Packham JC Fryer AA Mattey DL Genome-wide profiling in treatment-naive early rheumatoid arthritis reveals DNA methylome changes in T and B lymphocytes Epigenomics 2016 8 2 209 224 10.2217/epi.15.103 26556652 · DOI
  68. [75]Richardson B Scheinbart L Strahler J Gross L Hanash S Johnson M Evidence for impaired T cell DNA methylation in systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheum 1990 33 11 1665 1673 10.1002/art.1780331109 2242063 · DOI
  69. [76]Corvetta A Della Bitta R Luchetti MM Pomponio G 5-Methylcytosine content of DNA in blood, synovial mononuclear cells and synovial tissue from patients affected by autoimmune rheumatic diseases J Chromatogr 1991 566 2 481 491 10.1016/0378-4347(91)80265-E 1939459 · DOI
  70. [77]Cribbs AP Kennedy A Penn H Amjadi P Green P Read JE Methotrexate restores regulatory T cell function through demethylation of the FoxP3 upstream enhancer in patients with rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Rheumatol 2015 67 5 1182 1192 10.1002/art.39031 25604080 · DOI
  71. [78]de Andres MC Perez-Pampin E Calaza M Santaclara FJ Ortea I Gomez-Reino JJ Assessment of global DNA methylation in peripheral blood cell subpopulations of early rheumatoid arthritis before and after methotrexate Arthritis Res Ther 2015 17 233 10.1186/s13075-015-0748-5 26330155 PMC4556005 · DOI
  72. [79]Nakano K Whitaker JW Boyle DL Wang W Firestein GS DNA methylome signature in rheumatoid arthritis Ann Rheum Dis 2013 72 1 110 117 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201526 22736089 PMC3549371 · DOI
  73. [80]de la Rica L Urquiza JM Gomez-Cabrero D Islam AB Lopez-Bigas N Tegner J Identification of novel markers in rheumatoid arthritis through integrated analysis of DNA methylation and microRNA expression J Autoimmun 2013 41 6 16 10.1016/j.jaut.2012.12.005 23306098 · DOI
  74. [81]Gillespie J Savic S Wong C Hempshall A Inman M Emery P Histone deacetylases are dysregulated in rheumatoid arthritis and a novel histone deacetylase 3-selective inhibitor reduces interleukin-6 production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from rheumatoid arthritis patients Arthritis Rheum 2012 64 2 418 422 10.1002/art.33382 21952924 · DOI
  75. [82]Wendling D Abbas W Godfrin-Valnet M Kumar A Guillot X Khan KA Dysregulated serum IL-23 and SIRT1 activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis PLoS One 2015 10 3 e0119981 10.1371/journal.pone.0119981 25799392 PMC4370395 · DOI
  76. [83]Kawabata T Nishida K Takasugi K Ogawa H Sada K Kadota Y Increased activity and expression of histone deacetylase 1 in relation to tumor necrosis factor-alpha in synovial tissue of rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Res Ther 2010 12 4 R133 10.1186/ar3071 20609223 PMC2945023 · DOI
  77. [84]Nishida K Komiyama T Miyazawa S Shen ZN Furumatsu T Doi H Histone deacetylase inhibitor suppression of autoantibody-mediated arthritis in mice via regulation of p16INK4a and p21(WAF1/Cip1) expression Arthritis Rheum 2004 50 10 3365 3376 10.1002/art.20709 15476220 · DOI
  78. [85]Horiuchi M Morinobu A Chin T Sakai Y Kurosaka M Kumagai S Expression and function of histone deacetylases in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts J Rheumatol 2009 36 8 1580 1589 10.3899/jrheum.081115 19531758 · DOI
  79. [86]Vojinovic J Damjanov N D'Urzo C Furlan A Susic G Pasic S Safety and efficacy of an oral histone deacetylase inhibitor in systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis Arthritis Rheum 2011 63 5 1452 1458 10.1002/art.30238 21538322 · DOI
  80. [87]Huber LC Brock M Hemmatazad H Giger OT Moritz F Trenkmann M Histone deacetylase/acetylase activity in total synovial tissue derived from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients Arthritis Rheum 2007 56 4 1087 1093 10.1002/art.22512 17393417 · DOI
  81. [88]Wada TT Araki Y Sato K Aizaki Y Yokota K Kim YT Aberrant histone acetylation contributes to elevated interleukin-6 production in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014 444 4 682 686 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.195 24513290 · DOI
  82. [89]Ahmed S Riegsecker S Beamer M Rahman A Bellini JV Bhansali P Largazole, a class I histone deacetylase inhibitor, enhances TNF-alpha-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013 270 2 87 96 10.1016/j.taap.2013.04.014 23632129 PMC3766723 · DOI
  83. [90]Li J Wan Y Guo Q Zou L Zhang J Fang Y Altered microRNA expression profile with miR-146a upregulation in CD4+ T cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis Res Ther 2010 12 3 R81 10.1186/ar3006 20459811 PMC2911863 · DOI
  84. [91]Zhou Q Haupt S Kreuzer JT Hammitzsch A Proft F Neumann C Decreased expression of miR-146a and miR-155 contributes to an abnormal Treg phenotype in patients with rheumatoid arthritis Ann Rheum Dis 2015 74 6 1265 1274 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204377 24562503 · DOI
  85. [92]Yang G Wu D Zeng G Jiang O Yuan P Huang S Correlation between miR-126 expression and DNA hypomethylation of CD4+ T cells in rheumatoid arthritis patients Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015 8 8 8929 8936 26464634 PMC4583866
  86. [93]van der Geest KS Smigielska-Czepiel K Park JA Abdulahad WH Kim HW Kroesen BJ SF Treg cells transcribing high levels of Bcl-2 and microRNA-21 demonstrate limited apoptosis in RA Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015 54 5 950 958 10.1093/rheumatology/keu407 25339644 · DOI
  87. [94]Hugle T O'Reilly S Simpson R Kraaij MD Bigley V Collin M Tumor necrosis factor-costimulated T lymphocytes from patients with systemic sclerosis trigger collagen production in fibroblasts Arthritis Rheum 2013 65 2 481 491 10.1002/art.37738 23045159 PMC6588536 · DOI
  88. [95]Lei W Luo Y Lei W Luo Y Yan K Zhao S Abnormal DNA methylation in CD4+ T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, and dermatomyositis Scand J Rheumatol 2009 38 5 369 374 10.1080/03009740902758875 19444718 · DOI
  89. [96]Lian X Xiao R Hu X Kanekura T Jiang H Li Y DNA demethylation of CD40l in CD4+ T cells from women with systemic sclerosis: a possible explanation for female susceptibility Arthritis Rheum 2012 64 7 2338 2345 10.1002/art.34376 22231486 · DOI
  90. [97]Wang Y Shu Y Xiao Y Wang Q Kanekura T Li Y Hypomethylation and overexpression of ITGAL (CD11a) in CD4(+) T cells in systemic sclerosis Clin Epigenetics 2014 6 1 25 10.1186/1868-7083-6-25 25414732 PMC4237764 · DOI
  91. [98]Jiang H Xiao R Lian X Kanekura T Luo Y Yin Y Demethylation of TNFSF7 contributes to CD70 overexpression in CD4+ T cells from patients with systemic sclerosis Clin Immunol 2012 143 1 39 44 10.1016/j.clim.2012.01.005 22306512 · DOI
  92. [99]Fukasawa C Kawaguchi Y Harigai M Sugiura T Takagi K Kawamoto M Increased CD40 expression in skin fibroblasts from patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc): role of CD40-CD154 in the phenotype of SSc fibroblasts Eur J Immunol 2003 33 10 2792 2800 10.1002/eji.200324088 14515263 · DOI
  93. [100]Allanore Y Borderie D Meune C Lemarechal H Weber S Ekindjian OG Increased plasma soluble CD40 ligand concentrations in systemic sclerosis and association with pulmonary arterial hypertension and digital ulcers Ann Rheum Dis 2005 64 3 481 483 10.1136/ard.2003.020040 15708899 PMC1755392 · DOI
  94. [101]Komura K Fujimoto M Yanaba K Matsushita T Matsushita Y Horikawa M Blockade of CD40/CD40 ligand interactions attenuates skin fibrosis and autoimmunity in the tight-skin mouse Ann Rheum Dis 2008 67 6 867 872 10.1136/ard.2007.073387 17823201 · DOI
  95. [102]Akhmetshina A Palumbo K Dees C Bergmann C Venalis P Zerr P Activation of canonical Wnt signalling is required for TGF-beta-mediated fibrosis Nat Commun 2012 3 735 10.1038/ncomms1734 22415826 PMC3316881 · DOI · Paper page
  96. [103]Dees C Schlottmann I Funke R Distler A Palumbo-Zerr K Zerr P The Wnt antagonists DKK1 and SFRP1 are downregulated by promoter hypermethylation in systemic sclerosis Ann Rheum Dis 2014 73 6 1232 1239 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-203194 23698475 · DOI
  97. [104]Wang Y Fan PS Kahaleh B Association between enhanced type I collagen expression and epigenetic repression of the FLI1 gene in scleroderma fibroblasts Arthritis Rheum 2006 54 7 2271 2279 10.1002/art.21948 16802366 · DOI
  98. [105]Xiao C Rajewsky K MicroRNA control in the immune system: basic principles Cell 2009 136 1 26 36 10.1016/j.cell.2008.12.027 19135886 · DOI
  99. [106]Wang Q Xiao Y Shi Y Luo Y Li Y Zhao M Overexpression of JMJD3 may contribute to demethylation of H3K27me3 in CD4+ T cells from patients with systemic sclerosis Clin Immunol 2015 161 2 396 399 10.1016/j.clim.2015.03.006 25791244 · DOI
  100. [107]Huber LC Distler JH Moritz F Hemmatazad H Hauser T Michel BA Trichostatin a prevents the accumulation of extracellular matrix in a mouse model of bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis Arthritis Rheum 2007 56 8 2755 2764 10.1002/art.22759 17665426 · DOI
  101. [108]Hemmatazad H Rodrigues HM Maurer B Brentano F Pileckyte M Distler JH Histone deacetylase 7, a potential target for the antifibrotic treatment of systemic sclerosis Arthritis Rheum 2009 60 5 1519 1529 10.1002/art.24494 19404935 · DOI
  102. [109]Maurer B Stanczyk J Jungel A Akhmetshina A Trenkmann M Brock M MicroRNA-29, a key regulator of collagen expression in systemic sclerosis Arthritis Rheum 2010 62 6 1733 1743 10.1002/art.27443 20201077 · DOI
  103. [110]Xiao J Meng XM Huang XR Chung AC Feng YL Hui DS miR-29 inhibits bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice Mol Ther 2012 20 6 1251 1260 10.1038/mt.2012.36 22395530 PMC3369297 · DOI
  104. [111]Sing T Jinnin M Yamane K Honda N Makino K Kajihara I microRNA-92a expression in the sera and dermal fibroblasts increases in patients with scleroderma Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012 51 9 1550 1556 10.1093/rheumatology/kes120 22661558 · DOI
  105. [112]Zhu H Luo H Li Y Zhou Y Jiang Y Chai J MicroRNA-21 in scleroderma fibrosis and its function in TGF-beta-regulated fibrosis-related genes expression J Clin Immunol 2013 33 6 1100 1109 10.1007/s10875-013-9896-z 23657402 · DOI
  106. [113]Pottier N Maurin T Chevalier B Puissegur MP Lebrigand K Robbe-Sermesant K Identification of keratinocyte growth factor as a target of microRNA-155 in lung fibroblasts: implication in epithelial-mesenchymal interactions PLoS One 2009 4 8 e6718 10.1371/journal.pone.0006718 19701459 PMC2726943 · DOI
  107. [114]Honda N Jinnin M Kajihara I Makino T Makino K Masuguchi S TGF-beta-mediated downregulation of microRNA-196a contributes to the constitutive upregulated type I collagen expression in scleroderma dermal fibroblasts J Immunol 2012 188 7 3323 3331 10.4049/jimmunol.1100876 22379029 · DOI
  108. [115]Yin H Zhao M Wu X Gao F Luo Y Ma L Hypomethylation and overexpression of CD70 (TNFSF7) in CD4+ T cells of patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome J Dermatol Sci 2010 59 3 198 203 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.06.011 20724115 · DOI
  109. [116]Yu X Liang G Yin H Ngalamika O Li F Zhao M DNA hypermethylation leads to lower FOXP3 expression in CD4+ T cells of patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome Clin Immunol 2013 148 2 254 257 10.1016/j.clim.2013.05.005 23773924 · DOI
  110. [117]Shen L Suresh L Wu J Xuan J Li H Zhang C A role for lymphotoxin in primary Sjogren’s disease J Immunol 2010 185 10 6355 6363 10.4049/jimmunol.1001520 20952683 · DOI
  111. [118]Imgenberg-Kreuz J Sandling JK Almlof JC Nordlund J Signer L Norheim KB Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis in multiple tissues in primary Sjogren's syndrome reveals regulatory effects at interferon-induced genes Ann Rheum Dis 2016 75 11 2029 2036 10.1136/annrheumdis-2015-208659 26857698 PMC5099203 · DOI
  112. [119]Thabet Y Le Dantec C Ghedira I Devauchelle V Cornec D Pers JO Epigenetic dysregulation in salivary glands from patients with primary Sjogren's syndrome may be ascribed to infiltrating B cells J Autoimmun 2013 41 175 181 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.02.002 23478041 · DOI
  113. [120]Konsta OD Le Dantec C Charras A Cornec D Kapsogeorgou EK Tzioufas AG Defective DNA methylation in salivary gland epithelial acini from patients with Sjogren’s syndrome is associated with SSB gene expression, anti-SSB/LA detection, and lymphocyte infiltration J Autoimmun 2016 68 30 38 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.12.002 26725749 · DOI
  114. [121]Konsta OD Charras A Le Dantec C Kapsogeorgeou E Bordron A Brooks WH Epigenetic modifications in salivary glands from patients with Sjogren’s syndrome affect cytokeratin 19 expression Bull Group Int Rech Sci Stomatol Odontol 2016 53 1 e01 27352422
  115. [122]Pauley KM Stewart CM Gauna AE Dupre LC Kuklani R Chan AL Altered miR-146a expression in Sjogren's syndrome and its functional role in innate immunity Eur J Immunol 2011 41 7 2029 2039 10.1002/eji.201040757 21469088 PMC3760391 · DOI · Paper page
  116. [123]Huang W Connor E Rosa TD Muir A Schatz D Silverstein J Although DR3-DQB1*0201 may be associated with multiple component diseases of the autoimmune polyglandular syndromes, the human leukocyte antigen DR4-DQB1*0302 haplotype is implicated only in beta-cell autoimmunity J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996 81 7 2559 2563 10.1210/jcem.81.7.8675578 8675578 · DOI
  117. [124]Mastrandrea LD An overview of organ-specific autoimmune diseases including immunotherapy Immunol Investig 2015 44 8 803 816 10.3109/08820139.2015.1099409 26575465 · DOI
  118. [125]Lesage S Goodnow CC Organ-specific autoimmune disease: a deficiency of tolerogenic stimulation J Exp Med 2001 194 5 F31 F36 10.1084/jem.194.5.F31 11535640 PMC2195936 · DOI
  119. [126]Wang YI McDuffie M Lafferty KJ Antigen presentation and effector mechanisms in ‘auto-immune’ diabetes J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991 6 6 574 579 10.1111/j.1440-1746.1991.tb00913.x 1782373 · DOI
  120. [127]Balazs C Hashimoto's thyroiditis, the model of organ-specific autoimmune disorders Orv Hetil 2007 148 Suppl 1 31 33 10.1556/OH.2007.28032 17430791 · DOI
  121. [128]Greer JM McCombe PA The role of epigenetic mechanisms and processes in autoimmune disorders Biologics 2012 6 307 327 10.2147/BTT.S24067 23055689 PMC3459549 · DOI
  122. [129]Ciechomska M O'Reilly S Epigenetic modulation as a therapeutic Prospect for treatment of autoimmune rheumatic diseases Mediat Inflamm 2016 2016 9607946 10.1155/2016/9607946 PMC4995328 27594771 · DOI
  123. [130]Lee HJ Li CW Hammerstad SS Stefan M Tomer Y Immunogenetics of autoimmune thyroid diseases: a comprehensive review J Autoimmun 2015 64 82 90 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.07.009 26235382 PMC4628844 · DOI · Paper page
  124. [131]McLachlan SM Rapoport B Breaking tolerance to thyroid antigens: changing concepts in thyroid autoimmunity Endocr Rev 2014 35 1 59 105 10.1210/er.2013-1055 24091783 PMC3895862 · DOI
  125. [132]Wang B Shao X Song R Xu D Zhang JA The emerging role of epigenetics in autoimmune thyroid diseases Front Immunol 2017 8 396 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00396 28439272 PMC5383710 · DOI
  126. [133]Cai TT Muhali FS Song RH Qin Q Wang X Shi LF Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis in graves’ disease Genomics 2015 105 4 204 210 10.1016/j.ygeno.2015.01.001 25617714 · DOI
  127. [134]Limbach M Saare M Tserel L Kisand K Eglit T Sauer S Epigenetic profiling in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from graves’ disease patients reveals changes in genes associated with T cell receptor signaling J Autoimmun 2016 67 46 56 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.09.006 26459776 · DOI
  128. [135]Arakawa Y Watanabe M Inoue N Sarumaru M Hidaka Y Iwatani Y Association of polymorphisms in DNMT1, DNMT3A, DNMT3B, MTHFR and MTRR genes with global DNA methylation levels and prognosis of autoimmune thyroid disease Clin Exp Immunol 2012 170 2 194 201 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2012.04646.x 23039890 PMC3482366 · DOI
  129. [136]Kolarz B Majdan M Epigenetic aspects of rheumatoid arthritis: contribution of non-coding RNAs Semin Arthritis Rheum 2017 46 6 724 731 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2017.01.003 28285723 · DOI
  130. [137]Sarumaru M Watanabe M Inoue N Hisamoto Y Morita E Arakawa Y Association between functional SIRT1 polymorphisms and the clinical characteristics of patients with autoimmune thyroid disease Autoimmunity 2016 49 5 329 337 10.3109/08916934.2015.1134506 27245255 · DOI
  131. [138]Bernecker C Lenz L Ostapczuk MS Schinner S Willenberg H Ehlers M MicroRNAs miR-146a1, miR-155_2, and miR-200a1 are regulated in autoimmune thyroid diseases Thyroid 2012 22 12 1294 1295 10.1089/thy.2012.0277 22957494 · DOI
  132. [139]Peng H Liu Y Tian J Ma J Tang X Yang J Decreased expression of microRNA-125a-3p upregulates interleukin-23 receptor in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis Immunol Res 2015 62 2 129 136 10.1007/s12026-015-8643-3 25863684 · DOI
  133. [140]Hashemi M Bahari G Naderi M Sadeghi-Bojd S Taheri M Pri-miR-34b/c rs4938723 polymorphism is associated with the risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia Cancer Genet 2016 209 11 493 496 10.1016/j.cancergen.2016.09.009 27886674 · DOI
  134. [141]Cai T Li J An X Yan N Li D Jiang Y Polymorphisms in MIR499A and MIR125A gene are associated with autoimmune thyroid diseases Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017 440 106 115 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.017 27888002 · DOI
  135. [142]Wang Y Bi Y Chen X Li C Li Y Zhang Z Histone deacetylase SIRT1 negatively regulates the differentiation of Interleukin-9-producing CD4(+) T cells Immunity 2016 44 6 1337 1349 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.05.009 27317260 · DOI
  136. [143]Zhang J Lee SM Shannon S Gao B Chen W Chen A The type III histone deacetylase Sirt1 is essential for maintenance of T cell tolerance in mice J Clin Invest 2009 119 10 3048 3058 10.1172/JCI38902 19729833 PMC2752073 · DOI
  137. [144]Yang H Lee SM Gao B Zhang J Fang D Histone deacetylase sirtuin 1 deacetylates IRF1 protein and programs dendritic cells to control Th17 protein differentiation during autoimmune inflammation J Biol Chem 2013 288 52 37256 37266 10.1074/jbc.M113.527531 24214980 PMC3873578 · DOI
  138. [145]Brooks WH Renaudineau Y Epigenetics and autoimmune diseases: the X chromosome-nucleolus nexus Front Genet 2015 6 22 10.3389/fgene.2015.00022 25763008 PMC4329817 · DOI
  139. [146]Invernizzi P Pasini S Selmi C Miozzo M Podda M Skewing of X chromosome inactivation in autoimmunity Autoimmunity 2008 41 4 272 277 10.1080/08916930802024574 18432407 · DOI
  140. [147]Brix TH Knudsen GP Kristiansen M Kyvik KO Orstavik KH Hegedus L High frequency of skewed X-chromosome inactivation in females with autoimmune thyroid disease: a possible explanation for the female predisposition to thyroid autoimmunity J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005 90 11 5949 5953 10.1210/jc.2005-1366 16105963 · DOI
  141. [148]Ishido N Inoue N Watanabe M Hidaka Y Iwatani Y The relationship between skewed X chromosome inactivation and the prognosis of Graves’ and Hashimoto's diseases Thyroid 2015 25 2 256 261 10.1089/thy.2014.0318 25338305 PMC4322037 · DOI
  142. [149]Fodor A Cozma A Karnieli E TBC update: personalized epigenetic management of diabetes Per Med 2017 14 6 531 549 10.2217/pme-2017-0043 29749858 · DOI
  143. [150]Olsson AH Volkov P Bacos K Dayeh T Hall E Nilsson EA Genome-wide associations between genetic and epigenetic variation influence mRNA expression and insulin secretion in human pancreatic islets PLoS Genet 2014 10 11 e1004735 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004735 25375650 PMC4222689 · DOI
  144. [151]Rui J Deng S Lebastchi J Clark PL Usmani-Brown S Herold KC Methylation of insulin DNA in response to proinflammatory cytokines during the progression of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice Diabetologia 2016 59 5 1021 1029 10.1007/s00125-016-3897-4 26910463 PMC4826795 · DOI
  145. [152]Alejandro EU Bozadjieva N Blandino-Rosano M Wasan MA Elghazi L Vadrevu S Overexpression of kinase-dead mTOR impairs glucose homeostasis by regulating insulin secretion and not beta-cell mass Diabetes 2017 66 8 2150 2162 10.2337/db16-1349 28546423 PMC5521866 · DOI
  146. [153]Bacos K Gillberg L Volkov P Olsson AH Hansen T Pedersen O Blood-based biomarkers of age-associated epigenetic changes in human islets associate with insulin secretion and diabetes Nat Commun 2016 7 11089 10.1038/ncomms11089 27029739 PMC4821875 · DOI
  147. [154]Brasacchio D Okabe J Tikellis C Balcerczyk A George P Baker EK Hyperglycemia induces a dynamic cooperativity of histone methylase and demethylase enzymes associated with gene-activating epigenetic marks that coexist on the lysine tail Diabetes 2009 58 5 1229 1236 10.2337/db08-1666 19208907 PMC2671038 · DOI
  148. [155]Syreeni A El-Osta A Forsblom C Sandholm N Parkkonen M Tarnow L Genetic examination of SETD7 and SUV39H1/H2 methyltransferases and the risk of diabetes complications in patients with type 1 diabetes Diabetes 2011 60 11 3073 3080 10.2337/db11-0073 21896933 PMC3198095 · DOI
  149. [156]Li Y Zhao M Hou C Liang G Yang L Tan Y Abnormal DNA methylation in CD4+ T cells from people with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011 94 2 242 248 10.1016/j.diabres.2011.07.027 21864931 · DOI
  150. [157]Wang Z Zheng Y Hou C Yang L Li X Lin J DNA methylation impairs TLR9 induced Foxp3 expression by attenuating IRF-7 binding activity in fulminant type 1 diabetes J Autoimmun 2013 41 50 59 10.1016/j.jaut.2013.01.009 23490285 · DOI
  151. [158]Miao F Smith DD Zhang L Min A Feng W Natarajan R Lymphocytes from patients with type 1 diabetes display a distinct profile of chromatin histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation: an epigenetic study in diabetes Diabetes 2008 57 12 3189 3198 10.2337/db08-0645 18776137 PMC2584123 · DOI
  152. [159]Patel T Patel V Singh R Jayaraman S Chromatin remodeling resets the immune system to protect against autoimmune diabetes in mice Immunol Cell Biol 2011 89 5 640 649 10.1038/icb.2010.144 21321581 · DOI
  153. [160]Hezova R Slaby O Faltejskova P Mikulkova Z Buresova I Raja KR microRNA-342, microRNA-191 and microRNA-510 are differentially expressed in T regulatory cells of type 1 diabetic patients Cell Immunol 2010 260 2 70 74 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.10.012 19954774 · DOI
  154. [161]Sippl W, Jung M, Mannhold R, Buschmann H, Holenz J. Epigenetic drug discovery: Wiley; 2019. https://www.wiley-vch.de/en/areas-interest/natural-sciences/epigenetic-drug-discovery-978-3-527-34314-0.
  155. [162]Farh KK Marson A Zhu J Kleinewietfeld M Housley WJ Beik S Genetic and epigenetic fine mapping of causal autoimmune disease variants Nature 2015 518 7539 337 343 10.1038/nature13835 25363779 PMC4336207 · DOI · Paper page

Authors
Mazzone, R., Zwergel, C., Artico, M., Taurone, S., Ralli, M., Greco, A., & Mai, A.
Affiliations
  • Italian Institute of Technology (IT)
  • Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
  • Fondazione G.B. Bietti (IT)
  • Istituto Pasteur (IT)
Corresponding author
Mai, Antonello
ORCID
Venue
Clinical Epigenetics
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2019-02-26
Volume
11
Issue
1
Pages
34-34
ISSN
  • 1868-7075 (ISSN-L)
  • 1868-7083
DOI
10.1186/s13148-019-0632-2
PMC
PMC6390373
OpenAlex
W2941821853
Cited by
318
References
168
Citations by year
2026: 27 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 17 · 2015: 1
FWCI
3.11
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Clinical Epigenetics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • IIT-Sapienza
  • COST (CM1406)
  • PRIN 2015 (prot. 20152TE5PK)
  • AIRC 2016 (19162)
  • Ministry of Health (PE-2013-02355271)
  • National Institutes of Health (R01GM114306)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
Keywords
epigenetics, autoimmune disease, DNA methylation, histone modifications, non-coding RNA, gene expression regulation, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, Sjögren's syndrome, autoimmune thyroid disease, type 1 diabetes, epigenetic therapy
MeSH terms
Autoimmune Diseases, Humans, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, DNA Methylation, RNA, Untranslated, Histone Code, Epigenesis, Genetic, Gene Regulatory Networks

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review