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Muscle metabolism and atrophy: let’s talk about sex
Open accessAbstract
Skeletal muscle health is a strong predictor of overall health and longevity. Pathologies affecting skeletal muscle such as cancer cachexia, intensive care unit treatment, muscular dystrophies, and others are associated with decreased quality of life and increased mortality. Recent research has begun to determine that these muscular pathologies appear to present and develop differently between males and females. However, to our knowledge, there has yet to be a comprehensive review on musculoskeletal differences between males and females and how these differences may contribute to sex differences in muscle pathologies. Herein, we present a review of the current literature on muscle phenotype and physiology between males and females and how these differences may contribute to differential responses to atrophic stimuli. In general, females appear to be more susceptible to disuse induced muscle wasting, yet protected from inflammation induced (such as cancer cachexia) muscle wasting compared to males. These differences may be due in part to differences in muscle protein turnover, satellite cell content and proliferation, hormonal interactions, and mitochondrial differences between males and females. However, more works specifically examining muscle pathologies in females are necessary to more fully understand the inherent sex-based differences in muscle pathologies between the sexes and how they may correspond to different clinical treatments.
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“Although muscle protein synthesis rates are greater in older women at rest [245]”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [245]
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“Both an upregulation of stimulatory and inhibitory muscle growth regulatory genes in postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal women have also been reported [245].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [245]
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Additional file 1 of Muscle miRNAs are influenced by sex at baseline and in response to exercise
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Additional file 3 of Muscle miRNAs are influenced by sex at baseline and in response to exercise
Hiam, D., Landen, S., Jacques, M., Voisin, S. A. C., Lamon, S., & Eynon, N. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26645845
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Additional file 2 of Muscle miRNAs are influenced by sex at baseline and in response to exercise
Hiam, D., Landen, S., Jacques, M., Voisin, S. A. C., Lamon, S., & Eynon, N. (2023) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.24647348
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Metadata
- Authors
- Rosa-Caldwell, M. E., & Greene, N. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Arkansas at Fayetteville (US)
- Corresponding author
- Greene, Nicholas P.
- ORCID
- Greene, Nicholas P.
- Venue
- Biology of Sex Differences
- Published
- 2019-08-28
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 43-43
- ISSN
- 2042-6410 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6714453
- OpenAlex
- W2971287565
- Cited by
- 202
- References
- 199
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 2
- FWCI
- 1.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biology of Sex Differences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R15 AR069913/AR/NIAMS)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Keywords
- sex differences, skeletal muscle metabolism, muscle atrophy, cancer cachexia, muscle protein turnover, satellite cells, hormonal differences
- MeSH terms
- Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Muscular Atrophy, Risk Factors, Sex Characteristics, Muscle, Skeletal
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