How are nature based solutions contributing to priority societal challenges surrounding human well-being in the United Kingdom: a systematic map protocol
Open accessAbstract
Background: The concept of Nature-based Solutions (NBS) has evolved as an umbrella concept embracing concepts such as Green/Blue/Nature Infrastructure, Ecosystem Approach, Ecosystem Services, but at their core, they cluster into the general theme of learning from and using nature to create sustainable socio-ecological systems, which enhance human well-being (HWB). NBS address societal challenges across a broad range of spatial scales—local, regional and global—and temporal scales—medium to long-term. While there are many reviews and a clear evidence base linking certain NBS to various elements of HWB, particularly urban greenspace and human health, no comprehensive mapping exists of the links between NBS interventions and the associated multiple positive and negative HWB outcomes across a range of habitats. The initial research phase used a participatory co-design process to select four priority societal challenges facing the United Kingdom: three related to management issues i.e. NBS cost-efficacy, governance in planning, environmental justice, and the fourth threats to the acoustic environment. These challenges collectively address priority management issues which stakeholders requested be investigated widely i.e. across landscapes, cityscapes, seascapes and soundscapes. Results of the study are intended to identify and define potential future environmental evidence challenges for UK science. Methods: This protocol describes the methodology for approaching the research question: What evidence is there for nature based solutions and their impacts on human wellbeing for societal challenges related to cost-efficacy, governance in planning, environmental justice, and the acoustic environment? Using systematic mapping, this study will search for and identify studies that seek to assess nature-based solutions on human well-being with regard to these four societal challenges. Systematic searches across a number of academic/online databases are tested against a number of test articles. Search results are refined using eligibility criteria through a three stage process: title, abstract, full text. Data from screened studies are extracted using a predefined coding strategy. Key trends in data will be synthesized according to a range of secondary questions and be presented in a graphical matrix illustrating the knowledge gaps and clusters for research into nature-based solutions and human well-being for each societal challenge.
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Positive benefits of NbS on human well-being from engaging with gardening and urban agriculture and employing NbS to lower health risks and vulnerabilities are supported.
“This is further supported by positive benefits of NbS on human well-being (47, 63) from engaging with gardening and urban agriculture in general (22, 63) and employing NbS to lower health risks and vulnerabilities (30).”
From Global synthesis and regional insights for mainstreaming urban nature-based solutions (2025) · cites this paper as [47]
The Abstract (page unavailable) says there is a clear evidence base linking some nature-based solutions to human well-being, particularly urban greenspace and health. The Search string includes “urban agriculture” and “community garden,” but the paper does not report benefits specifically from gardening or urban agriculture. The separate claim about lowering health risks is cited to reference 30, not this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere is strong evidence on the positive public health outcomes from engaging with nature and biodiversity and from living near urban green spaces in cities.
“There is strong evidence on the positive public health outcomes from engaging with nature and biodiversity and from living near urban green spaces in cities (44, 47, 56–62).”
From Global synthesis and regional insights for mainstreaming urban nature-based solutions (2025) · cites this paper as [47]
The Abstract describes a clear evidence base linking certain nature-based solutions—particularly urban greenspace—to human health. The Background says reconnecting with nature can improve physical and mental health. Neither passage specifically establishes health outcomes from engaging with biodiversity or from living near, rather than using, urban greenspace; no page numbers are provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe most prominent societal challenge facing NbS is how to center justice and make inclusive planning for NbS a standard practice given limited participatory urban planning and governance.
“The most prominent societal challenge facing NbS is how to center justice and make inclusive planning for NbS a standard practice given limited participatory urban planning and governance (23, 24, 26, 32, 44–53).”
From Global synthesis and regional insights for mainstreaming urban nature-based solutions (2025) · cites this paper as [47]
In 'Systematic mapping question prioritization' (page unavailable), the paper identifies environmental justice and governance in planning as priority challenges, including reducing inequalities and encouraging wide stakeholder engagement. It does not rank justice and inclusive planning as the single most prominent challenge, call for inclusive planning to become standard practice, or establish that limited participatory urban planning and governance is the reason for these priorities. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Green Space and Mental Wellbeing in Kigali City, Rwanda: An Exploratory Mixed-Method StudyPreprint
Draus, P. J., Habimana, S., Qureshi, S., Roddy, J. K., Biracyaza, E., Rutembesa, E., Lacey, K. K., & Montgomery, S. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4661435 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
(2023) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-2023-138-rc1
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Buechel, M. (2023) · Hydrology and earth system sciences · doi:10.5194/hess-2023-138-ac2
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Dick, J., Carruthers‐Jones, J., Carver, S., Dobel, A. J., & Miller, J. D. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13120810
Self-citationDick, J., Carruthers‐Jones, J., Carver, S., Dobel, A. J., & Miller, J. D. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13120816
Self-citationDick, J., Carruthers‐Jones, J., Carver, S., Dobel, A. J., & Miller, J. D. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13120813
Self-citationDick, J., Carruthers‐Jones, J., Carver, S., Dobel, A. J., & Miller, J. D. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13120807
Self-citationDick, J., Carruthers‐Jones, J., Carver, S., Dobel, A. J., & Miller, J. D. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13120822
Self-citationDick, J., Carruthers‐Jones, J., Carver, S., Dobel, A. J., & Miller, J. D. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13120819
Self-citationDick, J., Carruthers‐Jones, J., Carver, S., Dobel, A. J., & Miller, J. D. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.13120804
Self-citationA Perspective on Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation
Matandirotya, N. R., Mahed, G., Manjeru, P., Mathe, P., & Donkor, F. K. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98067-2_168-1
A Perspective on Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation
Matandirotya, N. R., Mahed, G., Manjeru, P., Mathe, P., & Donkor, F. K. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-34967-6_168
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Jelo, G., Privitera, R., & Rosa, D. L. (2026) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-18822-9_25
Kahachi, H. A. H., & Ehsan, M. (2026) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1666/1/012021
“…ecological stewardship [13,14] Increasingly, biophilia is viewed alongside complementary frameworks like Nature-Based Solutions (NBS), which extend these design principles into policy and governance to address broader societal challenges related to health, equity, and environmental justice [15].”
Urban greening for sustainable urban planning and air pollution mitigation
Singh, A. A., Ahamad, N., & Rai, R. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-40320-0.00002-4
- Authors
- Dick, J., Miller, J. D., Carruthers-Jones, J., Dobel, A. J., Carver, S., Garbutt, A., Hester, A., Hails, R., Magreehan, V., & Quinn, M.
- Affiliations
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (GB)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- James Hutton Institute (GB)
- National Trust (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Miller, James D.
- Venue
- Environmental Evidence
- Published
- 2019-11-22
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2047-2382 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2990229801
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 3.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Environmental Evidence (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- NERC Open Research Archive (Natural Environment Research Council) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Natural Environment Research Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Urban Green Space and Health
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law › Urban Planning and Landscape Design
- Keywords
- nature-based solutions, human well-being, societal challenges, planning governance, environmental justice, acoustic environment, urban green space, ecosystem services, knowledge gaps, United Kingdom
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