Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 22

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 17 of the 17 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Clinical strategies for reducing firearm suicide

Pallin, Rocco, Barnhorst, Amy·2021·Injury Epidemiology
DOI 10.1186/s40621-021-00352-8
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Suicide is complex, with psychiatric, cultural, and socioeconomic roots. Though mental illnesses like depression contribute to risk for suicide, access to lethal means such as firearms is considered a key risk factor for suicide, and half of suicides in the USA are by firearm. When a person at risk of suicide has access to firearms, clinicians have a range of options for intervention. Depending on the patient, the situation, and the access to firearms, counseling on storage practices, temporary transfer of firearms, or further intervention may be appropriate. In the USA, ownership of and access to firearms are common and discussing added risk of access to firearms for those at risk of suicide is not universally practiced. Given the burden of suicide (particularly by firearm) in the USA, the prevalence of firearm access, and the lethality of suicide attempts with firearms, we present the existing evidence on the burden of firearm suicide and what clinicians can do to reduce their patients’ risk. Specifically, we review firearm ownership in the USA, firearm injury epidemiology, risk factors for firearm-related harm, and available interventions to reduce patients’ risk of firearm injury and death.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s40621-021-00352-8

Cites

17 of 17 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

6 more claims about this paper

Create a free account to see every claim other papers make about this one.

See all claims — free account

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 17 references

Research works printed but not linked: 66

  1. Anestis MD, Bond AE, Bryan AO, Bryan CJ. An examination of preferred messengers on firearm safety for suicide prevention. Prev Med. 2021;145:106452. · DOI
  2. Azrael D, Hepburn L, Hemenway D, Miller M. The stock and flow of US Firearms: results from the 2015 National Firearms Survey. RSF. 2017;3(5):38–57. · DOI
  3. Azrael D, Cohen J, Salhi C, Miller M. Firearm storage in gun-owning households with children: results of a 2015 national survey. J Urban Health. 2018;95(3):295–304. · DOI · Paper page
  4. Barber C, Frank E, Demicco R. Reducing suicides through partnerships between health professionals and gun owner groups—beyond Docs vs Glocks. JAMA Intern Med. 2017;177(1):5. · DOI
  5. Barber C, Goralnick E, Miller M. The problem with ICD -Coded firearm injuries. JAMA Intern Med. 2021;181(8):1132. · DOI
  6. Beidas RS, Rivara F, Rowhani-Rahbar A. Safe firearm storage: a call for research informed by firearm stakeholders. Pediatrics. 2020;146(5):e20200716. · DOI
  7. Berrigan J, Azrael D, Hemenway D, Miller M. Firearms training and storage practices among US gun owners: a nationally representative study. Inj Prev. 2019;25(Suppl 1):i31–8. · DOI
  8. Betz ME, Azrael D, Barber C, Miller M. Public opinion regarding whether speaking with patients about firearms is appropriate: results of a national survey. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(8):543–50. · DOI
  9. Betz ME, McCourt AD, Vernick JS, Ranney ML, Maust DT, Wintemute GJ. Firearms and dementia: clinical considerations. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169(1):47. · DOI
  10. Betz ME, Azrael D, Johnson RL, Knoepke CE, Ranney ML, Wintemute GJ, et al. Views on firearm safety among caregivers of people with alzheimer disease and related dementias. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(7):e207756. · DOI
  11. Blair-West GW, Cantor CH, Mellsop GW, Eyeson-Annan ML. Lifetime suicide risk in major depression: sex and age determinants. J Affect Disord. 1999;55(2–3):171–8. · DOI
  12. Bongiorno DM, Kramer EN, Booty MD, Crifasi CK. Development of an online map of safe gun storage sites in Maryland for suicide prevention. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2020;1–5. · DOI
  13. Caine ED. Forging an agenda for suicide prevention in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2013;103(5):822–9. · DOI
  14. Carroll D, Kearney LK, Miller MA. Addressing suicide in the veteran population: engaging a public health approach. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:569069. · DOI
  15. Cleveland EC, Azrael D, Simonetti JA, Miller M. Firearm ownership among American veterans: findings from the 2015 National Firearm Survey. Inj Epidemiol. 2017;4(1):33. · DOI
  16. Conner KR, Huguet N, Caetano R, Giesbrecht N, McFarland BH, Nolte KB, et al. Acute use of alcohol and methods of suicide in a US national sample. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(1):171–8. · DOI
  17. Conner A, Azrael D, Miller M. Firearm safety discussions between clinicians and U.S. adults living in households with firearms: results from a 2019 national survey. Ann Intern Med. 2020;M20-6314 · DOI
  18. Conwell Y, Duberstein PR, Connor K, Eberly S, Cox C, Caine ED. Access to firearms and risk for suicide in middle-aged and older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002;10(4):407–16. · DOI · Paper page
  19. Crifasi CK, Doucette ML, McGinty EE, Webster DW, Barry CL. Storage practices of US gun owners in 2016. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(4):532–7. · DOI
  20. Dahlberg LL, Ikeda RM, Kresnow MJ. Guns in the home and risk of a violent death in the home: findings from a national study. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160(10):929–36. · DOI
  21. for the FACTS Consortium, Ranney M, Karb R, Ehrlich P, Bromwich K, Cunningham R, et al. What are the long-term consequences of youth exposure to firearm injury, and how do we prevent them? A scoping review. J Behav Med. 2019;42(4):724–40. · DOI
  22. Frattaroli S, Sharfstein JM. Extreme risk protection orders—a tool for clinicians to prevent gun violence. JAMA Health Forum. 2021;2(4):e210948. · DOI
  23. Gibbons MJ, Fan MD, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Rivara FP. Legal liability for returning firearms to suicidal persons who voluntarily surrender them in 50 US states. Am J Public Health. 2020;e1–4. · DOI
  24. Goodwin FK. Suicide risk in bipolar disorder during treatment with lithium and divalproex. JAMA. 2003;290(11):1467. · DOI · Paper page
  25. Grinshteyn E, Hemenway D. Violent death rates: the US compared with other high-income OECD countries, 2010. Am J Med. 2016;129(3):266–73. · DOI · Paper page
  26. Grossman DC, Mueller BA, Riedy C, Dowd MD, Villaveces A, Prodzinski J, et al. Gun storage practices and risk of youth suicide and unintentional firearm injuries. JAMA. 2005;293(6):707–14. · DOI · Paper page
  27. Günak MM, Barnes DE, Yaffe K, Li Y, Byers AL. Risk of suicide attempt in patients with recent diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment or dementia. JAMA Psychiat. 2021;78(6):659. · DOI
  28. Hawk M, Coulter RWS, Egan JE, Fisk S, Reuel Friedman M, Tula M, et al. Harm reduction principles for healthcare settings. Harm Reduct J. 2017;14(1):70. · DOI · Paper page
  29. Hedman LC, Petrila J, Fisher WH, Swanson JW, Dingman DA, Burris S. State laws on emergency holds for mental health stabilization. PS. 2016;67(5):529–35. · DOI
  30. Hemenway D, Nelson E. The scope of the problem: gun violence in the USA. Curr Trauma Rep. 2020;6(1):29–35. · DOI
  31. Hooley JM, Franklin JC, Nock MK. Chronic pain and suicide: understanding the association. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2014;18(8):435. · DOI
  32. Johnson RM, Barber C, Azrael D, Clark DE, Hemenway D. Who are the owners of firearms used in adolescent suicides? Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2010;40(6):609–11. · DOI
  33. Kaplan MS, McFarland BH, Huguet N, Conner K, Caetano R, Giesbrecht N, et al. Acute alcohol intoxication and suicide: a gender-stratified analysis of the National Violent Death Reporting System. Inj Prev. 2013;19(1):38–43. · DOI
  34. Kivisto AJ, Phalen PL. Effects of risk-based firearm seizure laws in Connecticut and Indiana on suicide rates, 1981–2015. Psychiatr Serv. 2018;appips201700250. · DOI
  35. Lindsey MA, Sheftall AH, Xiao Y, Joe S. Trends of suicidal behaviors among high school students in the United States: 1991–2017. Pediatrics. 2019;144(5):e20191187. · DOI · Paper page
  36. Marino E, Wolsko C, Keys SG, Pennavaria L. A culture gap in the United States: implications for policy on limiting access to firearms for suicidal persons. J Public Health Policy. 2016;37(Suppl 1):110–21. · DOI
  37. Marino E, Wolsko C, Keys S, Wilcox H. Addressing the cultural challenges of firearm restriction in suicide prevention: a test of public health messaging to protect those at risk. Arch Suicide Res. 2018;22(3):394–404. · DOI
  38. Mauri AI, Wolfson JA, Azrael D, Miller M. Firearm storage practices and risk perceptions. Am J Prev Med. 2019;57(6):830–5. · DOI
  39. Mertens B, Sorenson SB. Current considerations about the elderly and firearms. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(3):396–400. · DOI
  40. Miller M, Barber C, White RA, Azrael D. Firearms and suicide in the United States: is risk independent of underlying suicidal behavior? Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178(6):946–55. · DOI · Paper page
  41. Pallin R, Spitzer SA, Ranney ML, Betz ME, Wintemute GJ. Preventing firearm-related death and injury. Ann Intern Med. 2019a;170(11):ITC81. · DOI
  42. Pallin R, Siry B, Azrael D, Knoepke CE, Matlock DD, Clement A, et al. “Hey, let me hold your guns for a while”: a qualitative study of messaging for firearm suicide prevention. Behav Sci Law. 2019b;37(3):259–69. · DOI
  43. Pallin R, Charbonneau A, Wintemute GJ, Kravitz-Wirtz N. California public opinion on health professionals talking with patients about firearms. Health Aff. 2019c;38(10):1744–51. · DOI
  44. Polzer ER, Nearing K, Knoepke CE, Matlock DD, Azrael D, Siry BJ, et al. “Safety in dementia”: development of an online caregiver tool for firearm, driving, and home safety. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68(9):2137–9. · DOI
  45. Polzer E, Nearing K, Knoepke CE, Matlock DD, McCourt A, Betz ME. Firearm access in dementia: legal and logistic challenges for caregivers. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2021;1–9. · DOI
  46. Rowhani-Rahbar A, Simonetti JA, Rivara FP. Effectiveness of interventions to promote safe firearm storage. Epidemiol Rev. 2016;38(1):111–24.
  47. Schleimer JP, Kravitz-Wirtz N, Pallin R, Charbonneau AK, Buggs SA, Wintemute GJ. Firearm ownership in California: a latent class analysis. Inj Prev. 2019;injuryprev–2019–043412. · DOI
  48. Schleimer JP, McCort CD, Pear VA, Shev A, Tomsich E, Asif-Sattar R, et al. Firearm purchasing and firearm violence in the first months of the coronavirus pandemic in the United States [Internet]. Epidemiology; 2020 Jul [cited 2020 Jul 21]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.02.20145508 · DOI
  49. Serafini G, Calcagno P, Lester D, Girardi P, Amore M, Pompili M. Suicide risk in Alzheimer’s disease: a systematic review. CAR. 2016;13(10):1083–99. · DOI
  50. Shah S, Hoffman RE, Wake L, Marine WM. Adolescent suicide and household access to firearms in Colorado: results of a case-control study. J Adolesc Health. 2000;26(3):157–63. · DOI
  51. Simon TR, Swann AC, Powell KE, Potter LB, Kresnow M, O’Carroll PW. Characteristics of impulsive suicide attempts and attempters. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2002;32:49–59. · DOI · Paper page
  52. Simonetti JA, Azrael D, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Miller M. 2018. Firearm storage practices among American veterans. Am J Prev Med. 2018. · DOI
  53. Simonetti JA, Dorsey Holliman B, Holiday R, Brenner LA, Monteith LL. Firearm-related experiences and perceptions among United States male veterans: a qualitative interview study. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(3):e0230135. · DOI
  54. Simonetti JA, Piegari R, Maynard C, Brenner LA, Mori A, Post EP, et al. Characteristics and injury mechanisms of veteran primary care suicide decedents with and without diagnosed mental illness. J GEN INTERN MED [Internet]. 2020 Mar 26 [cited 2020 Apr 8]; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05787-1. · DOI
  55. Soloff PH. Characteristics of suicide attempts of patients with major depressive episode and borderline personality disorder: a comparative study. Am J Psychiatry. 2000;157(4):601–8. · DOI · Paper page
  56. Spangenberg KB, Wagner MT, Hendrix S, Bachman DL. Firearm presence in households of patients with Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999;47(10):1183–6. · DOI
  57. Stroebe W. Firearm possession and violent death: a critical review. Aggress Violent Behav. 2013;18(6):709–21. · DOI
  58. Swanson JW, Sampson NA, Petukhova MV, Zaslavsky AM, Appelbaum PS, Swartz MS, et al. Guns, impulsive angry behavior, and mental disorders: results from the national comorbidity survey replication (NCS-R): guns, impulsive angry behavior, and mental disorders. Behav Sci Law. 2015a;33(2–3):199–212. · DOI
  59. Swanson JW, McGinty EE, Fazel S, Mays VM. Mental illness and reduction of gun violence and suicide: bringing epidemiologic research to policy. Ann Epidemiol. 2015b;25(5):366–76. · DOI · Paper page
  60. Swanson JW, Norko MA, Lin H-J, Frisman LK, Baranoski MV, Easter MM, et al. Implementation and effectiveness of Connecticut’s risk-based gun removal law: does it prevent suicides? Law Contemp Probl. 2017;80(2):179–208.
  61. Swanson JW, Nestadt PS, Barnhorst AV, Frattaroli S. Risk-based temporary firearm removal orders: a new legal tool for clinicians. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2021;29(1):6–9. · DOI
  62. Theis J, Hoops K, Booty M, Nestadt P, Crifasi C. Firearm suicide among veterans of the U.S. military: a systematic review. Mil Med. 2021;186(5–6):e525–36. · DOI
  63. Valenstein M, Walters H, Pfeiffer PN, Ganoczy D, Miller M, Fiorillo M, et al. Acceptability of potential interventions to increase firearm safety among patients in VA mental health treatment. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2018;55:77–83. · DOI
  64. Wertz J, Azrael D, Hemenway D, Sorenson S, Miller M. Differences between new and long-standing US gun owners: results from a national survey. Am J Public Health. 2018;108(7):871–7. · DOI
  65. Wintemute GJ. Association between firearm ownership, firearm-related risk and risk reduction behaviours and alcohol-related risk behaviours. Inj Prev. 2011;17(6):422–7. · DOI
  66. Wintemute GJ. What you can do to stop firearm violence. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167(12):886–7. · DOI

Cited by

Metadata

Authors
Pallin, R., & Barnhorst, A.
Venue
Injury Epidemiology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2021-10-04
Volume
8
Issue
1
ISSN
2197-1714
DOI
10.1186/s40621-021-00352-8
Cited by
22
References
17
Language
en
Licence
Funders
university of california firearm violence research center at uc davis (university of california firearm violence research center at uc davis)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.