Hand grip strength as a proposed new vital sign of health: a narrative review of evidences

Vaishya, Raju; Misra, Anoop; Vaish, Abhishek; Ursino, Nicola; D’Ambrosi, Riccardo

doi:10.1186/s41043-024-00500-y

Cited by 385Nutrition and Health in AgingFrailty in Older AdultsBody Composition Measurement Techniques

Hand grip strength as a proposed new vital sign of health: a narrative review of evidences

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Vaishya, Raju, Misra, Anoop, Vaish, Abhishek, Ursino, Nicola, D’Ambrosi, Riccardo·2024·Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition

DOI 10.1186/s41043-024-00500-yPMC PMC10777545

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Abstract

Hand grip strength (HGS) serves as a fundamental metric in assessing muscle function and overall physical capability and is particularly relevant to the ageing population. HGS holds an important connection to the concept of sarcopenia, which encompasses the age-related decline in muscle mass, strength, and function. It has also been reported to indicate the health of an individual. We reviewed the interplay between HGS and various health parameters, including morbidity and mortality, by carrying out a literature search on PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar between 10 and 30 August 2023, to identify the relevant papers on the relationship between health and HGS. We used several keywords like ‘hand grip strength’, ‘muscle strength, ‘sarcopenia’, ‘osteosarcopenia’, ‘health biomarker’, ‘osteoporosis’, and ‘frailty’, to derive the appropriate literature for this review. This review has shown that the HGS can be measured reliably with a hand-held dynamometer. The cut-off values are different in various populations. It is lower in Asians, women, less educated and privileged, and those involved in sedentary work. Several diseases have shown a correlation with low HGS, e.g., Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke, chronic kidney and liver disease, some cancers, sarcopenia and fragility fractures. The low HSG is also associated with increased hospitalization, nutritional status, overall mortality and quality of life. We believe that there is adequate evidence to show that HGS stands as an important biomarker of health. Its utility extends to the identification of diverse health issues and its potential as a new vital sign throughout the lifespan.

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Many risk factors and diseases have been correlated with low handgrip strength, including overall strength, upper limb function, bone mineral density, fracture susceptibility, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, mortality, cancer, nutritional deficiencies, cognitive decline, depression, quality of life, and mental health status.
“Many risk factors and diseases have been correlated with low HGS, including overall strength, upper limb function, bone mineral density, fracture susceptibility, T2D, CVD, mortality, cancer, nutritional deficiencies, cognitive decline, depression, quality of life, and mental health status [57]”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [57]

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Research works printed but not linked: 3

Roland J Jr, Thorpe ES, Alan Zonderman MKE. Association between race, household income and grip strength in middle and older-aged adults. Ethn Dis. 2016;26(4):49.
Daphnee D, Vaidya A, Khakhar A, Bhuvaneshwari S, Ramamurthy A. Hand grip strength: a reliable, reproducible, cost-effective tool to assess the nutritional status and outcomes of cirrhotics awaiting liver transplant. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2017;19:49–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2017.01.011]. · DOI
Li G, Qiao Y, Lu Y, et al. Role of handgrip strength in predicting new-onset diabetes: findings from the survey of health, ageing and retirement in Europe. BMC Geriatr. 2021;21:445. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-021-02382-9. · DOI

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Authors: Vaishya, R., Misra, A., Vaish, A., Ursino, N., & D’Ambrosi, R.
Affiliations: Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals (IN)
Fortis C-DOC Hospital (IN)
IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi - Sant'Ambrogio (IT)
University of Milan (IT)
Corresponding author: D’Ambrosi, Riccardo
ORCID: Vaishya, Raju
Misra, Anoop
Vaish, Abhishek
Ursino, Nicola
D’Ambrosi, Riccardo
Venue: Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2024-01-09
Volume: 43
Issue: 1
Pages: 7-7
ISSN: 1606-0997 (ISSN-L)
2072-1315
DOI: 10.1186/s41043-024-00500-y
PMC: PMC10777545
OpenAlex: W4390769202
Cited by: 385
References: 123
Citations by year: 2026: 168 · 2025: 167 · 2024: 50
FWCI: 21.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
Locations: Journal of Health Population and Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
Keywords: grip strength, vital signs, sarcopenia, osteosarcopenia, health biomarkers, frailty, osteoporosis, muscle strength, mortality, morbidity, hand-held dynamometry, cut-off values, sedentary work, nutritional status, quality of life, hospitalization
MeSH terms: Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Quality of Life, Biomarkers, Hand Strength, Sarcopenia, Vital Signs

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Hand grip strength as a proposed new vital sign of health: a narrative review of evidences

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