Processing and extraction methods of medicinal cannabis: a narrative review
Open accessAbstract
Introduction: As the cannabis industry transitions from a black market to a legal market, product development, and methods of extraction have become a focal point. To date, more than thousands of chemical constituents have been identified from the cannabis plant, all of which possess different chemical properties that require different conditions for preservation during drying and extraction. However, scientific publications that explore these areas for the cannabis plant are currently lacking. Method: This is a narrative review paper which focuses on critiquing drying and extraction methods of Cannabis sativa L. plant. Relevant keywords such as medicinal cannabis, extraction, solvent, cannabinoids, and terpenes have been searched in PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library (Wiley) databases. Result: To find relevant papers for this narrative review, 93 papers have been reviewed. Among them, 12 irrelevant papers were discarded. The excluded papers were either about hemp seed oil or hemp fiber and protein. Based on this review, solvent extraction is the most common method for cannabis plants. Although solventless and hydrodynamic extraction are known for their high yield and feasibility, more investigation is needed in these areas. Regarding the drying process, hang-drying is the most convenient method; however, it may be substituted by freeze-drying in the near future. Discussion: This review analyses various drying and extraction processes to guide the selection of suitable methods for various types of cannabis products and applications. This is done by outlining traditional and modern methods of drying techniques, exploring the importance of solvents for extraction, visiting solventless extraction procedures, and finally comparing conventional and alternative methods of extraction. Conclusion: In conclusion, based on the current knowledge, using organic solvents is the most convenient method for medicinal cannabis extraction. However, more research is needed for some of the drying and extraction methods. Also, developing a green and sustainable cannabis extraction method should be considered for future studies.
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Development of products that exploit cannabis compounds' bioactive or technological potential is based on separation processes classified as solid-liquid extraction, a critical processing step.
“However, as a rule, the development of products that exploit these compounds’ bioactive or technological potential is based on separation processes classified as solid-liquid extraction, which is a critical processing step with a broad spectrum of exploitation [39].”
From Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Technology for Recovering Valuable Phytochemicals from Cannabis sativa L. and Valorization of Its Biomass for Food Applications (2023) · cites this paper as [39]
The Introduction and Results > Extraction methods (pages not supplied) say that isolating cannabis compounds is important for product development and that extraction can concentrate target components. But the paper describes several extraction methods, including solventless and liquid–liquid approaches; it does not classify product-development separation processes generally as solid–liquid extraction. The phrase “solid–liquid extractions” appears in Results > Alternative methods of extraction only as a comparator to ultrasound-assisted extraction. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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A subcritical butane-based extraction of non-psychoactive cannabinoids from hemp inflorescences
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Jaroenkunpanit, P., Wungsintaweekul, J., & Chetpattananondh, P. (2025) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.5c06069 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Raz, N., Eyal, A. M., & Davidson, E. M. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27206920 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Kim, J., Yang, S.-H., Seo, S., Han, S.-K., Cho, S.-H., Sur, I., Park, J., Lee, K. W., & Lee, Y.-W. (2025) · Journal of Supercritical Fluids · doi:10.1016/j.supflu.2025.106606 · Cited by 7
Baek, Y., Grab, H., & Chen, C. (2025) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants14030414 · Cited by 7
Donati, L., Pierantoni, D. C., Conti, A., Calzoni, E., Corte, L., Santi, C., Rosati, O., Cardinali, G., & Emiliani, C. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25073979 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Unveiling the Antioxidant Role of Hemp Oils in Cancer Prevention and Treatment
Christodoulou, M. C., Rodosthenous, P., & Neophytou, C. M. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17132128 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ioannidis, V., Sygouni, V., Giannopoulos, S., Sotirianos, K., Ioannides, T., Paraskeva, C. Α., & Lamari, F. N. (2025) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox14070777 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“CO 2 is the most frequently used supercritical fluid due to its relatively low critical point (T c : 31.1 ◦ C and P c : 73.8 bar) [31,40].”
InfluentialOptimization of Solvent Mixture for Solubilizing Cannabis Extract Using I-Optimal Design
Chankana, N., Monton, C., Naksuriya, O., & Songsak, T. (2025) · JOURNAL OF CURRENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY · doi:10.59796/jcst.v15n2.2025.98 · Cited by 6
“The variation in solvent properties across different mass fractions, such as changes in melting and boiling points, dielectric constant, viscosity, and polarity, likely explains these consequences (Lazarjani et al., 2021; Moreno-Sanz et al., 2020; Tzimas et al., 2024).”
Joy, N., Jackson, D., & Coolong, T. W. (2025) · Phytochemical Analysis · doi:10.1002/pca.3526 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Apetroaei, V. T., Istrati, D. I., & Vizireanu, C. (2024) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30010124 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The extraction of terpenoids is achieved through the appropriate polarity of the solvent used, such as ethanol (EtOH), methanol (MeOH), or chloroform, at a specific temperature and for a defined time [14,23].”
InfluentialValidation of analytical method of cannabinoids: Novel approach using turbo-extraction.
Mano-Sousa, B. J., Alves, B. C., Pedrosa, A. M., Lima, P. L., de Andrade, F. P., & Duarte-Almeida, J. M. (2022) · Talanta: The International Journal of Pure and Applied Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124108 · Cited by 6
Castaño, M. A., Arango, J. P. B., Galeano, F. J. C., & Ocampo, G. T. (2025) · Journal of Cannabis Research · doi:10.1186/s42238-025-00350-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Among the most widely used methods are solvent extraction (ethanol, methanol, butane, propane), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) (Lazarjani et al. 2021), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) (Radoiu et al. 2020), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE)…”
Effect of Hemp Extraction Procedures on Cannabinoid and Terpenoid Composition
Chacon, F. T., Raup‐Konsavage, W. M., Vrana, K. E., & Kellogg, J. J. (2024) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants13162222 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Li, L., Chen, L., Pan, D., Zhu, Y.-H., Huang, R.-S., Chen, J., Ye, C., & Yao, S.-C. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34608 · Cited by 5
Monton, C., Chanduaykit, W., Mongkhonvanich, T., Srikaenchan, S., Suksaeree, J., Charoenchai, L., & Songsak, T. (2024) · Arabian Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.arabjc.2024.105847 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Tanaka, M. R. R., Mataruco, L. D. S., Frota, E. G., Coelho, B. E. S., Lima, M. D. S., Pimentel, T. C., & Barão, C. (2024) · Acta Scientiarum: Technology · doi:10.4025/actascitechnol.v46i1.66447 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“However, the composition may change the extracts based on the extraction method and process parameters (Devequi-Nunes, 2018; Lazarjani, Young, Kebede, & Seyfoddin, 2021).”
MethodProcess Development for GMP-Grade Full Extract Cannabis Oil: Towards Standardized Medicinal Use
Costa, M. D. C., Gomes, A. P., Vinhas, I., Rosa, J., Pereira, F., Moniz, S., Gonçalves, E. M., Pestana, M., Silva, M., Rodrigues, L. M., et al. (2025) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17070848 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“This is crucial for producing high-quality cannabis extracts, as chlorophyll can negatively impact color and taste and potentially pose health risks at high concentrations [40].”
Sullivan, Z., Lapierre, C., Erlandson, L. W., & Pham, L. (2025) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2025.0016 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lumu, S., Sarker, N., Hatterman-Valenti, H., Hammed, A., Chen, B., & Monono, E. (2025) · Journal of Biosystems Engineering · doi:10.1007/s42853-025-00255-2 · Cited by 4
“It is advisable to dry floral hemp to a moisture content (MC) of less than 12% wet basis (wb) for efficient extraction (Lazarjani et al., 2021; Valiza-dehderakhshan et al., 2021).”
Analytical techniques for screening of cannabis and derivatives from human hair specimens.
Kale, R., Chaturvedi, D., Dandekar, P., & Jain, R. (2024) · Analytical Methods · doi:10.1039/d3ay00786c · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoid Profiles Identified in Cannabis L. Crops in Peru
Wong-Salgado, P., Soares, F. L., Moya-Salazar, J., Ramírez-Méndez, J. F., Moya-Salazar, M. M., Apesteguía, A., & Castro, A. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12020306 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“We used 130 mg of dried cannabis inflorescences from each cultivar for chromatographic analysis, following international recommendations [33].”
MethodHenion, J. D., Evans, S., & Wakshlag, J. J. (2023) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.22.10.0470 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Aguirre, M. E., Orallo, D. E., Suárez, P. A., & Ramírez, C. L. (2023) · Natural Product Research · doi:10.1080/14786419.2023.2184357 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In addition, the cannabinoid degradation rate was much slower in olive oil extracts than in ethanolic extracts (Citti et al. 2016; Lazarjani et al. 2021).”
BackgroundTakadaş, F., Ozogul, F., Uçar, Y., Kuley, E., Durmuş, M., Köşker, A., Sakarya, Y., Özkütük, S., Yilmaz, N., Zhang, Z., et al. (2026) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2026.108459 · Cited by 3
Bonilla, L. G. P., King, J. W., & Gil, I. D. (2025) · Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants · doi:10.1016/j.jarmap.2025.100678 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wongumpornpinit, V., Temkitthawon, P., Khumpirapang, N., Paenkaew, S., Saesong, T., Boonnoun, P., Wongwad, E., Waranuch, N., & Ingkaninan, K. (2025) · Medical Cannabis and Cannabinoids · doi:10.1159/000546263 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
THC, CBD and minor cannabinoid CBDV differently modulate hippocampal neurons firing.
Tomagra, G., Gandlevskiy, N., Rosso, E., Bonardi, M., Binello, A., Carabelli, V., & Barge, A. (2025) · Neurotoxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2025.04.004 · Cited by 3
Sene, N., dos Santos, K. C. G., Mérindol, N., Gélinas, S.-E., Custeau, A., Awwad, F., Fantino, E., Meddeb-Mouelhi, F., Germain, H., & Desgagné-Penix, I. (2025) · Biotechnology for Biofuels and Bioproducts · doi:10.1186/s13068-025-02638-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Efficient protocols have been developed for the extraction of apolar compounds such as cannabinoids [26, 27].”
Typek, R., Dybowski, M. P., & Dawidowicz, A. L. (2025) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.143447 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Prospects in the Use of Cannabis sativa Extracts in Nanoemulsions
Vitola, I., Angulo, C., Baptista-Rosas, R. C., Esparza, L. M. A., Escalante-García, Z. Y., Villarruel‐López, A., & Jara, J. M. S. (2024) · BioTech · doi:10.3390/biotech13040053 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Lazarjani, M., Seyfoddin, A., Le, T. T., & Chen, T. (2024) · Drug Analytical Research · doi:10.22456/2527-2616.139666 · Cited by 3
“Given these advantages, UAE was selected for sample preparation in this study [10].”
Self-citationPerini, M., Gaggiotti, A., Pianezze, S., Ziller, L., & Larcher, R. (2023) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox12071421 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Márquez-Herrera, A., Reséndiz-Muñoz, J., Fernández‐Muñoz, J. L., Almazán, M. S., Cruz-Lagunas, B., Adame-Zambrano, T. D. J., Hilario, V. Á., Estrada-Martínez, J., Álvarez, M. T. Z., & Gruintal-Santos, M. A. (2026) · AgriEngineering · doi:10.3390/agriengineering8010039 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“These decisions considered several ways to define the critical components and operational parameters [37].”
Kožák, J., Vázquez-Olvera, J. I., Berkenfeld, K., Rautenberg, A., & Lamprecht, A. (2026) · Journal of Cannabis Research · doi:10.1186/s42238-025-00381-w · Cited by 2
Mhuru, E. W., Tsakali, E., Manjeru, P., Mateva, K. I., Zishiri, R. M., Chaibva, P., Mhlahlayazi, T., & Maphosa, M. (2025) · Discover Plants. · doi:10.1007/s44372-025-00438-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“When the flower becomes sufficiently dry, extractions must be done as immediate as possible because longer storage time between drying and processing results in loss of cannabinoids [52].”
InfluentialCorredor-Perilla, I. C., Kwon, T.-H., & Park, S.-H. (2025) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2025.1678142 · Cited by 2
“Storage moisture was maintained at approximately 80% (Das et al., 2022; Lazarjani et al., 2021).”
Essential oil fractions of hemp profiles at different hydro-distillation periods
Zheljazkov, V., Sikora, V., Astatkie, T., Dincheva, I., Aćimović, M., Visković, J., Latković, D., & Noller, J. S. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0331767 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fettoukh, N., Fadil, M., Stambouli, H., Bouri, A. E., Bouyoun, T., Annemer, S., Boukhaled, A., & Farah, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-03888-7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…and polymeric compounds 38 ; (2) volatilization of terpenes and adsorption of cannabinoids to packaging materials may reduce recoverable mass 22,35 ; (3) analytical limitations (GC/FID) precluded quantification of acidic precursors (THCA, CBDA) and non-volatile degradation byproducts 31,34 .”
Monton, C., Charoenchai, L., Suksaeree, J., & Songsak, T. (2025) · Journal of Separation Science · doi:10.1002/jssc.70278 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chemical characterization of hemp seeds ( Cannabis sativa L.) cultivated in the Ecuadorian Andes
García, H. F. S., Delgado, L. F. V., de la Rosa, A., Crisanto, S. L. F. S., Londoño‐Larrea, P., Gonzalez-Benitez, D., & Montúfar-Delgado, C. (2025) · CyTA - Journal of Food · doi:10.1080/19476337.2025.2520539 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Lipid analysis (AOAC 2003.05) was carried out via solvent extraction via the Soxhlet method, which employs 5 g of hemp seed; lipids were extracted with benzene, and after solvent evaporation, the fat content was determined by weight difference.”
InfluentialCrew, J., Wu, Y., Mu, R. R., & Patras, A. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30102116 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Furthermore, when evaluating different extraction methodologies, ethanol used in conjunction with DM was observed to extraction (UAE) [11].”
Phuyal, A., Poudel, M. K., Bhandari, R., Budhathoki, S., Baral, D., Bhattarai, A., & Chaudhary, N. K. (2024) · Butwal Campus Journal · doi:10.3126/bcj.v7i2.73175 · Cited by 2
“Afterward, the powdered sample was dried in a laboratory oven at 37°C for two days to eliminate moisture prior to the extraction process (Lazarjani et al., 2021).”
Injamum-Ul-Hoque, M., Rahman, M. M., Howlader, N. C., Tavakoli, S., Rahman, M. M., Imran, S., Bulle, M., Ahsan, S. M., & Choi, H. W. (2025) · Phyton · doi:10.32604/phyton.2025.069827 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“The therapeutic potential of C. sativa has been explored for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticancer, antioxidant, neuroprotective, and gastrointestinal benefits, as well as its use in epilepsy management [3].”
Temperature Control Minimizes Wax-Derived Alkane Carryover in Hydrocarbon Cannabis Extraction
Sosa, M. E., Paryani, T. R., Reed, R., Siegel, A. W., Ai, Q., Lee, E., Radford, D., Martin, T. J., Koby, K. A., & Oswald, I. W. H. (2026) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.5c13451 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Vyshnevskа, L., Yaromiy, M. V., Пестун, І. В., Georgiev, K. D., Slavov, I. Z., & Коshovyi, O. (2026) · Scientia Pharmaceutica · doi:10.3390/scipharm94020041 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“A number of articles are devoted to extraction methods [21–23], analytical techniques [24], and quality control [25].”
Laflamme, G., Hamzeh-Cognasse, H., Cognasse, F., & Loubaki, L. (2026) · Platelets · doi:10.1080/09537104.2026.2644368 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fuentes, G., Echarte, S. M., Parise, A., Ramírez, C. L., & Orallo, D. (2026) · Phytomedicine Plus · doi:10.1016/j.phyplu.2026.100965 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A molecular dynamics solvation study of CBD and Δ 9 -THC in sc C O 2
Vásquez, F. J., & Orozco, G. A. (2025) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2025.129094 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Smith, M. L., Bernal, A. J., Weil, R. E., McKinney, W. J., & Hoeng, J. (2025) · Current Opinion in Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.cotox.2025.100555 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Singh, M. K., Sen, S., Singh, S., Aftab, N., Kumar, B., Gupta, N., Tandon, S., Bawankule, D. U., & Verma, R. S. (2025) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2025.120856 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Haczkiewicz, M., Świtalska, M., Łyczko, J., Wietrzyk, J., & Gliszczyńska, A. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30204148 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“…extract weight was observed after extraction with hexane at 25 ◦ C, amounting to 49% of the original extract mass. Hexane, being a non-polar solvent, promotes the extraction of waxes and lipid-like substances [19]; thus, although the loss was substantial, it is consistent with expectations [20].”
Haidery, Q. U. A., Shen, Y., Niu, J., Yan, C., Xu, Z., Han, B., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Ma, X., & Zheng, W. (2025) · Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2025.103636 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ataolahi, S., Lu, H. T., Li, W., Deseo, M. A., Stevens, G. W., Bacic, A., Doblin, M. S., & Mumford, K. A. (2025) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2025.133675 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ntsoane, T., Nemukondeni, N., & Nemadodzi, L. E. (2024) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo14120712 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Cannabis sativa , commonly known as marijuana (Figure 1), is a herbaceous flowering annual plant that belongs to the family of Cannabaceae and the genus Cannabis [1,2].”
The Elusive Truth of Cannabinoids for Rheumatic Pain
Clarke, H. A., Miles, S. J., Peer, M., & Fitzcharles, M. (2024) · Current Rheumatology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11926-024-01162-9
“The product may then be reconstituted in a carrier liquid such as edible oils of olive, cocoFnut, or hemp [44].”
Delgado-Rodríguez, J., Romero, P. A. A., & Benítez, R. B. (2023) · Ciencia e Ingeniería Neogranadina · doi:10.18359/rcin.6588 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Estas metodologías deben estar enmarcadas en la química verde y la economía circular [12].”
BackgroundAnalytical strategies for herbal Cannabis samples in forensic applications: A comprehensive review
Slosse, A., Durme, F. V., Eliaerts, J., Samyn, N., Mangelings, D., & Heyden, Y. V. (2023) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Forensic Science · doi:10.1002/wfs2.1479 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Recovery of cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa flowers using modifier/water leaching method
Lu, H. T., Li, W., Deseo, M. A., Stevens, G. W., Bacic, A., Doblin, M. S., & Mumford, K. A. (2025) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2025.136141 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sui, X., He, D.-Q., Li, P., Zhu, L.-Y., Xie, Y., Ye, T.-L., Zhou, L., & Xie, S. (2026) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules31213872
The Dynamics of Industrial Hemp within Circular Economy Systems: A Review
Zishiri, R. M., Mhuru, E. W., Maphosa, M., Parwada, C., Mhlahlayazi, M., Haripo, T. T., & Mutetwa, M. (2026) · Agricultural Reviews · doi:10.18805/ag.rf-441
“They are made from leaves, seed and flower extracts (Lazarjani et al ., 2021).”
Zhang, B., Nan, J., Zhang, Y., Zhang, B., Ke, C., Wang, W., Wu, T., Xia, J., Yang, F., He, M., et al. (2026) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2026.119360
Jaroenkunpanit, P., Wungsintaweekul, J., & Chetpattananondh, P. (2026) · ACS Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acsfoodscitech.6c00127
Ortiz, R. S., Pereira, D., Mariotti, K. D. C., & Camargo, F. A. D. O. (2026) · Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2026.117665
Mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy activation underlie NK cell impairment induced by Cannabis
Bolduc, A., Tremblay, T., Almutairi, M., Semlali, A., & Loubaki, L. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0350750
“The cannabis joint extract (CJE) was prepared using a passive extraction method [21].”
- Authors
- Lazarjani, M. P., Young, O., Kebede, L., & Seyfoddin, A.
- Affiliations
- Auckland University of Technology (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Seyfoddin, Ali
- Venue
- Journal of Cannabis Research
- Published
- 2021-07-19
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 32-32
- ISSN
- 2522-5782 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8290527
- OpenAlex
- W3184094075
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 19
- FWCI
- 2.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Cannabis Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Tuwhera (Auckland University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural and Biological Research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry Medicinal Plant Applications
- Keywords
- medical cannabis, Cannabis sativa, drying methods, solvent extraction, solvent-free extraction, cannabinoids, terpenes, freeze-drying, green extraction
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