Enhanced adsorption of phenol using EDTA-4Na- and KOH-modified almond shell biochar
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Abstract To enhance the performance of biochar made from almond shells for adsorption of phenol pollutants in water, we prepared an almond shell-based biochar and modified it through combined pyrolysis with KOH and EDTA-4Na at 750 °C, yielding almond shell-based modified activated carbon (A-BC); the mass ratio of biochar, EDTA-4Na, and KOH was 1:1:3. A-BC was characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method, and X-ray Diffraction. The adsorption conditions of A-BC for phenol were optimized through single-factor experiments, and the adsorption mechanism was explored through kinetics and thermodynamics assays. The results show that A-BC exhibits a honeycomb-like structure with a specific surface area of 1050 m2 g−1 and a micropore ratio of 86%. A-BC is rich in functional groups (-OH, -CH2, N–C, C-H, N–H) closely related to phenol adsorption. The adsorption of phenol by A-BC is a spontaneous exothermic process involving both physical adsorption and chemical adsorption (including hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions). The pseudo-second-order kinetic model adequately describes the adsorption process, which consists of liquid film diffusion, surface adsorption, and intraparticle diffusion stages. At 25 °C, with an A-BC dosage of 1.0 g L−1, initial phenol concentration of 400 mg L−1, and contact time of 60 min, A-BC exhibited significant adsorption capacities of 161 and 149 mg g−1 for simulated water and phenol-containing wastewater from coal chemical industries, respectively. A-BC demonstrated good reuse performance and strong adsorption capacity for phenol, indicating its potential application in treating phenol-containing wastewater from coal chemical industries.
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The literature acknowledges the importance of oxygen-containing functional groups, as demonstrated by FTIR analyses in previous studies.
“The literature acknowledges the importance of these functional groups, as demonstrated by FTIR analyses in previous studies [20,21,25].”
From Innovative Valorization of Wood Panel Waste into Activated Biochar for Efficient Phenol Adsorption (2025) · cites this paper as [25]
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- Authors
- Chen, Y., Wang, D., Wang, X., Wu, J., & Song, S.
- Affiliations
- Xinjiang Agricultural University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Yanqin
- Venue
- Sustainable Environment Research
- Published
- 2025-02-18
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- ISSN
- 2468-2039 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4407635194
- Cited by
- 27
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 14
- FWCI
- 6.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Sustainable Environment Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (21066013)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Keywords
- phenol adsorption, KOH activation, modified activated carbon, coal chemical wastewater, adsorption kinetics, adsorption thermodynamics, pseudo-second-order kinetics, π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, adsorbent regeneration, water treatment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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