Innovative Valorization of Wood Panel Waste into Activated Biochar for Efficient Phenol Adsorption
Open accessAbstract
Construction and demolition byproducts include substantial amounts of wood panel waste (WPW) that pose environmental challenges. They also create opportunities for sustainable resource recovery. This study investigates the potential of WPW-derived biochar as an efficient adsorbent for phenol removal from aqueous solutions. Biochar was produced via pyrolysis at 450 °C and subsequent activation at 750, 850, and 950 °C. The biochar’s physicochemical properties, including surface area, pore volume, and elemental composition, were characterized using advanced methods, including BET analysis, elemental analysis, and adsorption isotherm analysis. Activated biochar demonstrated up to nine times higher adsorption capacity than raw biochar, with a maximum of 171.9 mg/g at 950 °C under optimal conditions: pH of 6 at 25 °C, initial phenol concentration of 200 mg/L, and biochar dosage of 1 g/L of solution for 48 h. Kinetic and isotherm studies revealed that phenol adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order model and fit the Langmuir isotherm, indicating chemisorption and monolayer adsorption mechanisms. Leaching tests confirmed the biochar’s environmental safety, with heavy metal concentrations well below regulatory limits. Based on these findings, WPW biochar offers a promising, eco-friendly solution for wastewater treatment in line with circular economy and green chemistry principles.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Wood panel waste (WPW)-derived biochar activated at 750–950 °C after fast pyrolysis at 450 °C adsorbed phenol effectively, with BWP950 reaching 171.9 mg/g experimentally and 178.57 mg/g by Langmuir prediction. Adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm, and TCLP leaching tests indicated heavy metal concentrations below regulatory limits.
Key findings
- Activation increased specific surface area from 99 m²/g for raw BWP to 450, 682, and 866 m²/g for BWP750, BWP850, and BWP950, respectively; carbon content rose from 69.2% to 81.2%, while oxygen fell from 23.4% to 13.4%.
- Phenol adsorption at 200 mg/L, pH 6, 25 °C, 1 g/L dosage, and 48 h reached 171.93 mg/g for BWP950, 142.25 mg/g for BWP850, and 51.89 mg/g for BWP750; raw BWP was negligible at 200 mg/L. At 5–20 mg/L, BWP850 and BWP950 exceeded 97% removal, reaching up to 99.2% after 48 h; BWP950 achieved 93.3% at 100 mg/L and 86.3% at 200 mg/L.
- Pseudo-second-order kinetics best described adsorption, with R² > 0.99 for BWP850 and BWP950; Langmuir isotherm fit with R² = 0.99, giving Qmax of 178.57 mg/g for BWP950 and 144.93 mg/g for BWP850, indicating chemisorption and monolayer adsorption.
- TCLP leaching tests showed heavy metal concentrations below USEPA and CEPA hazardous limits; for WPW, Mn was the most leached metal at 5.147 mg/kg, followed by Zn at 0.556 mg/kg and Ba at 0.542 mg/kg.
Methods
- WPW from sawmills in Abitibi-Témiscamingue, QC, Canada, containing approximately 88–90% wood particles, 10–12% urea-formaldehyde resin, and <0.5% melamine-formaldehyde resin, was ground to <1 mm, fast-pyrolyzed at 450 °C for 2 s in a cyclonic fluidized bed reactor, then physically activated at 750, 850, or 950 °C under continuous CO₂ and N₂ flow at 3 L/min.
- Characterization used N₂, Kr, and CO₂ adsorption with BET, Dubinin–Radushkevich, and pore-volume analyses; elemental CHNS/O analysis; phenol quantification by GC-MS with a method detection limit of 0.05 µg/L; and metal analysis by MP-AES after TCLP leaching.
- Batch adsorption experiments used 0.05 g adsorbent in 50 mL synthetic phenol solution at 25 °C and 500 rpm; kinetics used 200 mg/L phenol with sampling at 2, 4, 6, 24, and 48 h, while isotherms used 5–200 mg/L phenol and 48 h equilibrium. Kinetic and isotherm data were fitted to pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, Elovich, Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models.
Limitations
- The paper does not include a formal limitations section. It acknowledges that BWP950’s 48 h equilibrium time, attributed to diffusion within its microporous structure, may limit rapid adsorption in batch processes, though it suggests applicability in continuous flow systems with adequate residence time. It also notes that BWP950’s capacity is moderate compared with chemically activated biochars because adsorption depends on surface chemistry as well as surface area.
- Evident from the text: adsorption tests used synthetic phenol solutions rather than real industrial wastewater, and the study reports batch experiments only, without continuous-flow or column validation.
- Evident from the text: comparisons with literature adsorbents involve varied precursor, activation, and test conditions, so direct performance ranking is constrained.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Cites
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Claims the paper makes
13 of 48 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Chemically activated biochars possess more oxygen-containing functional groups (e.g., carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl) that facilitate phenol adsorption via hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions.
“Chemically activated biochars possess more oxygen-containing functional groups (e.g., carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl) that facilitate phenol adsorption via hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions [20,21].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [20] Komnitsas, K.A., and Zaharaki, D. (2016). Morphology of Modified Biochar and Its Potential for Phenol Removal from Aqueous Solutions. Front. Environ. Sci., 4. source
The Characterization of Biochars section identifies hydroxyl, carbonyl and carboxylic groups, and the Adsorption of Phenols on Biochars section reports greater phenol adsorption by KOH-modified biochars. Neither section establishes that modification increases those oxygen-containing groups or that hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions facilitate adsorption; the paper instead identifies hydrophobic sorption as the probable main mechanism. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [21] Han, M., Liu, Z., Huang, S., Zhang, H., Yang, H., Liu, Y., Zhang, K., and Zeng, Y. (2024). Application of Biochar-Based Materials for Effective Pollutant Removal in Wastewater Treatment. Nanomaterials, 14. source
Section 2.2.2 says biochar activation can introduce functional groups, and Section 3.1.1 describes acid-activated biochar bearing hydroxyl, carboxyl, and carbonyl groups that aid adsorption through hydrogen bonding and π–π interactions. That example concerns enrofloxacin, not phenol; the paper does not establish the claimed mechanism for phenol adsorption. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
Thermal activation of WPW-derived biochar increased its specific surface area from 99 m2/g for raw BWP to 450, 682, and 866 m2/g for BWP750, BWP850, and BWP950, respectively.
“Results show that raw biochar (BWP) has a low specific surface area (99 m 2 /g), which increases with temperature to values of 450, 682, and 866 m 2 /g after activation at 750, 850, and 950 • C, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
The carbon content of WPW-derived biochar increased from 69.2% for BWP to 81.2% for BWP950.
“The carbon content increases from 69.2% for BWP to 81.2% for BWP950, reflecting increased condensation of carbon structures and aromatization of the graphite-like network [53,54].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Raw biochar (BWP) had a relatively modest phenol adsorption capacity, with maximum adsorption capacity after 48 h varying from 1.8 to 4.9 mg/g at low initial concentrations (5-20 mg/L).
“At low concentrations (5-20 mg/L), the maximum adsorption capacity after 48 h varies from 1.8 to 4.9 mg/g.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
The oxygen content of WPW-derived biochar decreased from 23.4% for BWP to approximately 13.4% for BWP950.
“Concurrently, the oxygen content decreases substantially from 23.4% to approximately 13.4% for BWP950, indicating loss of oxygenated functional groups under the influence of pyrolysis [55].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingreasoning
The maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) increased with pyrolysis temperature, reaching 178.57 mg/g for BWP950 compared to 144.93 mg/g for BWP850.
“The maximum adsorption capacity (Q max ) increases proportionally with pyrolysis temperature, reaching 178.57mg/g for BWP950 compared to 144.93 mg/g for BWP850.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
At 5 mg/L initial phenol concentration, raw biochar (BWP) achieved only 16.4% phenol removal after 2 h.
“For instance, while the raw biochar (BWP) achieves only 16.4% phenol removal after 2 h of contact at 5 mg/L, the biochars thermally activated at 850 • C and 950 • C (BWP850 and BWP950) exhibit efficiencies exceeding 97%, reaching up to 99.2% after 48 h.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
At 10 and 20 mg/L initial phenol concentrations, activated biochars demonstrated near-complete adsorption within 24 h (99.8%).
“Similar trends are observed at 10 and 20 mg/L, where the activated biochars demonstrate near-complete adsorption within 24 h (99.8%).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
At 100 mg/L initial phenol concentration, BWP950 achieved up to 93.3% phenol removal after 48 h.
“In contrast, the activated biochars maintain high adsorption capacities, with BWP950 achieving up to 93.3% at 100 mg/L and 86.3% at 200 mg/L after 48 h.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Under the fast pyrolysis conditions applied in this study, highly hazardous species like isocyanic acid (HNCO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) were not detected.
“Notably, highly hazardous species like isocyanic acid (HNCO) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN), often reported in slow pyrolysis of wood-based composites, were not detected under the fast pyrolysis conditions applied in this study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Activated biochar demonstrated up to nine times higher phenol adsorption capacity than raw biochar.
“Activated biochar demonstrated up to nine times higher adsorption capacity than raw biochar, with a maximum of 171.9 mg/g at 950 • C under optimal conditions: pH of 6 at 25 • C, initial phenol concentration of 200 mg/L, and biochar dosage of 1 g/L of solution for 48 h.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
At 5 mg/L initial phenol concentration, BWP850 and BWP950 exhibited phenol removal efficiencies exceeding 97%, reaching up to 99.2% after 48 h.
“For instance, while the raw biochar (BWP) achieves only 16.4% phenol removal after 2 h of contact at 5 mg/L, the biochars thermally activated at 850 • C and 950 • C (BWP850 and BWP950) exhibit efficiencies exceeding 97%, reaching up to 99.2% after 48 h.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
BWP950 achieved a phenol adsorption capacity of 171.93 mg/g after 48 h.
“Activated biochar demonstrated up to nine times higher adsorption capacity than raw biochar, with a maximum of 171.9 mg/g at 950 • C under optimal conditions: pH of 6 at 25 • C, initial phenol concentration of 200 mg/L, and biochar dosage of 1 g/L of solution for 48 h.”
- Also stated in: § Material (Precursor, Activation) SBET (m 2 /g) Q max (mg/g) Conditions Reference · plain
“WPW-activated biochar at 950 • C (BWP950) (without adding a chemical) 866 171.9 pH 6, 25 • C, 48 h, 1 g/L, 200 mg/L This study”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Material (Precursor, Activation) SBET (m 2 /g) Q max (mg/g) Conditions Reference · plain
- Findingown data
Leaching tests confirmed that heavy metal concentrations in the biochar were well below regulatory limits.
“Leaching tests confirmed the biochar's environmental safety, with heavy metal concentrations well below regulatory limits.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The adsorption isotherm data fit well with the Langmuir model (R2 = 0.99).
“The adsorption isotherm data (Table 3) fit well with the Langmuir model (R 2 = 0.99), suggesting monolayer adsorption of phenol molecules on homogenous surface sites of the biochar.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Mesopore volume increased from 0.028 cm3/g for BWP750 to 0.139 cm3/g for BWP950.
“This indicates higher diffusion rates of phenol molecules into the mesopores of the biochar, consistent with the increased mesopore volume from 0.028 cm 3 /g (BWP750) to 0.139 cm 3 /g (BWP950).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
The adsorption rate constant (K2) significantly increases with pyrolysis temperature, ranging from 4.63 × 10−5 mg/(g•h) for BWP750 to 1.55 × 10−7 mg/(g•h) for BWP950.
“The adsorption rate constant (K 2 ) significantly increases with pyrolysis temperature, ranging from 4.63 × 10 -5 mg/(g•h) for BWP750 to 1.55 × 10 -7 mg/(g•h) for BWP950.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
At 200 mg/L initial phenol concentration, raw biochar (BWP) adsorption efficiency was negligible or zero.
“At very high concentrations (200 mg/L), the efficiency becomes negligible or even zero.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
At 200 mg/L initial phenol concentration, BWP950 achieved 86.3% phenol removal after 48 h.
“In contrast, the activated biochars maintain high adsorption capacities, with BWP950 achieving up to 93.3% at 100 mg/L and 86.3% at 200 mg/L after 48 h.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
TGA-GC/MS revealed the release of nitrogen-containing gases such as ammonia (NH3), nitric oxide (NO), and trimethylamine (TMA) during thermal treatment of reconstituted panels.
“The results revealed the release of various nitrogen-containing and potentially toxic gases such as ammonia (NH 3 ), nitric oxide (NO), and trimethylamine (TMA).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
The higher the activation temperature, the higher the concentration of metals in the activated biochar.
“Furthermore, the higher the activation temperature, the higher the concentration of metals in the activated biochar, because metals do not volatilize, whereas organic matter is degraded and removed during pyrolysis and activation [75].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation
The metal contents found in WPW have high concentrations compared to those reported in the literature.
“The metal contents found in the WPW have high concentrations compared to those reported in the literature.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [71] Moreno, 2016, Physical and Chemical Evaluation of Furniture Waste Briquettes, Waste Manag. source
- Findingown data
Leaching tests confirmed that heavy metal concentrations in the biochar are well below regulatory limits.
“Furthermore, leaching tests confirmed the environmental safety of the biochar, with heavy metal concentrations well below regulatory limits.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, and Pb in WPW are below the detection limit of the applied method.
“Concentrations of Cd, Co, Cu, and Pb are below the detection limit for the applied method.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Biochar activation at high temperatures (750, 850, and 950 °C) significantly enhanced its adsorption capacity.
“Biochar activation at high temperatures (750, 850, and 950 • C) significantly enhanced its adsorption capacity, with the highest experimental adsorption capacity observed for biochar activated at 950 • C (171.9 mg/g) and with a Langmuir predicted maximum adsorption capacity of 178.57mg/g for BWP950.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The Langmuir predicted maximum adsorption capacity for BWP950 is 178.57 mg/g.
“Biochar activation at high temperatures (750, 850, and 950 • C) significantly enhanced its adsorption capacity, with the highest experimental adsorption capacity observed for biochar activated at 950 • C (171.9 mg/g) and with a Langmuir predicted maximum adsorption capacity of 178.57mg/g for BWP950.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
High concentrations of the nutrients Fe, Al, Mn, Ca, Mg, K, and Na were detected in the biochars.
“In addition, high concentrations of the nutrients Fe, Al, Mn, Ca, Mg, K, and Na, which improve soil fertility, were detected.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The detected concentrations in the leachate are below the regulatory limits for hazardous levels in waste materials established by USEPA and CEPA.
“The detected concentrations are below the regulatory limits for hazardous levels in waste materials, as established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) [77] and the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA) [78].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [77] USEPA (2020). Chapter Seven of the SW-846 Compendium: Introductory and Regulatory Definitions Pertaining to Hazardous Waste Characteristics (Revision 5), USEPA.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [78] Branch, L.S. (2025, May 25). Consolidated Federal Laws of Canada, Export and Import of Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Recyclable Material Regulations. Available online: https://laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/Regulations/SOR-2005-149/20060322/P1TT3xt3.html.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data
For WPW, Mn is the most leached metal, followed by Zn and Ba at concentrations of 5.147, 0.556, and 0.542 mg/kg, respectively.
“For WPW, Mn is the most leached metal, followed by Zn and Ba at concentrations of 5.147, 0.556, and 0.542 mg/kg, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Low concentrations of the toxic elements Cr, Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, and Zn were detected in the different biochars.
“Low concentrations of the toxic elements Cr, Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, and Zn were detected in the different biochars, indicating that they are safe to use as amendments to improve soil properties.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The highest experimental adsorption capacity observed for biochar activated at 950 °C is 171.9 mg/g.
“Biochar activation at high temperatures (750, 850, and 950 • C) significantly enhanced its adsorption capacity, with the highest experimental adsorption capacity observed for biochar activated at 950 • C (171.9 mg/g) and with a Langmuir predicted maximum adsorption capacity of 178.57mg/g for BWP950.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Ca and Fe are the most abundant metals in the biochar and activated biochar.
“Notably, Ca and Fe are the most abundant metals in the biochar and activated biochar.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Biochar research focuses mainly on agricultural biomass or forest biomass while overlooking the potential of WPW.
“However, the biochar research focuses mainly on agricultural biomass (e.g., rice or wheat straw residues) or forest biomass (e.g., virgin wood chips) while overlooking the potential of WPW [26,27].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [26] Foong, S.Y., Chan, Y.H., Chin, B.L.F., Lock, S.S.M., Yee, C.Y., Yiin, C.L., Peng, W., and Lam, S.S. (2022). Production of Biochar from Rice Straw and Its Application for Wastewater Remediation—An Overview. Bioresour. Technol., 360. source
- cites [27] Seow, 2022, A Review on Biochar Production from Different Biomass Wastes by Recent Carbonization Technologies and Its Sustainable Applications, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. source
- Interpretationown data
The increase in maximum adsorption capacity with pyrolysis temperature is mainly attributed to increased specific surface area (SBET = 866 m2/g) and higher carbon content (81.2%) obtained at 950°C.
“This increase is mainly attributed to the increased specific surface area (SBET = 866 m 2 /g) and higher carbon content (81.2%) obtained at 950 • C.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
BWP950 remains applicable in continuous flow systems given adequate residence time.
“Although this characteristic may limit rapid adsorption in batch processes, BWP950 remains applicable in continuous flow systems given adequate residence time [61].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [61] Lee, 2019, Production of Biochar from Food Waste and Its Application for Phenol Removal from Aqueous Solution, Water. Air. Soil Pollut. source
- Interpretationown data
Phenol adsorption on the activated biochars is predominantly governed by chemisorption involving specific chemical interactions such as hydrogen bonding or π-π interactions between phenol molecules and the aromatic structures on the biochar surface.
“This suggests that the adsorption mechanism is predominantly governed by chemisorption involving specific chemical interactions such as hydrogen bonding or π-π interactions between phenol molecules and the aromatic structures on the biochar surface.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
WPW exhibits a substantially higher lignin content (around 30%) than agricultural residues such as rice husks (typically 15-20% lignin).
“Notably, while agricultural residues such as rice husks typically contain only 15-20% lignin [29,30], WPW exhibits a substantially higher lignin content at around 30% [31].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [29] Sun, 2000, Comparative Study of Hemicelluloses from Rice Straw by Alkali and Hydrogen Peroxide Treatments, Carbohydr. Polym. source
- cites [30] Binod, 2012, Short Duration Microwave Assisted Pretreatment Enhances the Enzymatic Saccharification and Fermentable Sugar Yield from Sugarcane Bagasse, Renew. Energy source
- cites [31] Fengel, D., and Wegener, G. (2011). Wood: Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions, Walter de Gruyter.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation
The extended contact time of 48 h for BWP950 is attributable to gradual diffusion within its predominant microporous structure.
“The extended contact time of 48 h for BWP950 is attributable to the gradual diffusion within its predominant microporous structure, a common characteristic of physically activated biochars [47,48].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
The increased graphitization degree and reduced polar functional groups on the biochar surface facilitate hydrophobic interactions and π-π electron donor-acceptor (EDA) interactions between phenol molecules and the biochar surface.
“This process is explained by the increased graphitization degree and reduced polar functional groups on the biochar surface, which facilitate hydrophobic interactions and π-π electron donor-acceptor (EDA) interactions between phenol molecules and the biochar surface [63].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [63] Wu, 2021, Biochar-Mediated Reduction of m-Nitrotoluene: Interaction between Reduction of m-Nitrotoluene and Sequestration of Contaminants, Sci. Total Environ. source
- Interpretationown data
Phenol adsorption on the biochar follows monolayer adsorption on homogeneous surface sites.
“The adsorption isotherm data (Table 3) fit well with the Langmuir model (R 2 = 0.99), suggesting monolayer adsorption of phenol molecules on homogenous surface sites of the biochar.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The fast pyrolysis conditions applied in this study limit secondary reactions responsible for generating highly toxic nitrogenous compounds.
“This can be attributed to the short residence time and rapid heating rates associated with fast pyrolysis, which limit secondary reactions responsible for generating these toxic compounds.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The decrease in oxygen content indicates loss of oxygenated functional groups under pyrolysis.
“Concurrently, the oxygen content decreases substantially from 23.4% to approximately 13.4% for BWP950, indicating loss of oxygenated functional groups under the influence of pyrolysis [55].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [55] Afshar, 2024, Biochar for a Sustainable Future: Environmentally Friendly Production and Diverse Applications, Results Eng. source
- Interpretationreasoning
The chemical changes in activated biochar directly influence its adsorption performance by modifying its interactions with organic pollutants in aqueous systems.
“These chemical changes directly influence the adsorption performance of biochar by modifying its interactions with organic pollutants in aqueous systems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The increase in carbon content reflects increased condensation of carbon structures and aromatization of the graphite-like network.
“The carbon content increases from 69.2% for BWP to 81.2% for BWP950, reflecting increased condensation of carbon structures and aromatization of the graphite-like network [53,54].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [53] Petersen, 2023, Carbon Stability and Morphotype Composition of Biochars from Feedstocks in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, Int. J. Coal Geol. source
- cites [54] Hameed, 2007, Adsorption of Methylene Blue onto Bamboo-Based Activated Carbon: Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies, J. Hazard. Mater. source
- Interpretationreasoning
WPW valorization presents a promising pathway for producing advanced adsorbent materials for environmental applications.
“Thus, WPW valorization presents a promising pathway for producing advanced adsorbent materials for environmental applications.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The results in Table 4 support the potential of industrial waste valorization via thermal activation to yield biochars with suitable properties for wastewater treatment applications.
“Taken together, the results in Table 4 support the potential of industrial waste valorization via thermal activation to yield biochars with suitable properties for wastewater treatment applications.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The differences in phenol adsorption capacities across biochars are mainly attributed to variations in precursor composition, surface area, pore size distribution, activation methods, and adsorption test conditions.
“These differences are mainly attributed to variations in precursor composition, surface area, pore size distribution, and activation methods (e.g., chemical vs. physical) as well as adsorption test conditions (pH, adsorbent: effluent dosage, initial concentration).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The hydrogen and nitrogen content are reduced due to volatilization of non-refractory organic compounds and heteroatoms during high-temperature activation.
“Moreover, the hydrogen and nitrogen content are reduced due to the volatilization of non-refractory organic compounds and heteroatoms, which typically occurs during high-temperature activation of carbonaceous materials [58].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [58] Cheng, 2021, The Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on the Characteristics of Biochar, Pyroligneous Acids, and Gas Prepared from Cotton Stalk through a Polygeneration Process, Ind. Crops Prod. source
- Premisecitation
Endogenous, non-volatile heavy metals from biochar feedstocks remain in the biochar structure during thermochemical processes.
“This is because endogenous, non-volatile heavy metals from biochar feedstocks remain in the biochar structure during the thermochemical processes [74].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [74] Yuan, 2021, A Meta-Analysis of Heavy Metal Bioavailability Response to Biochar Aging: Importance of Soil and Biochar Properties, Sci. Total Environ. source
- Interpretationown data
WPW and the derived biochars would be considered as non-hazardous materials.
“Therefore, the WPW and the derived biochars would be considered as non-hazardous materials.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The biochar is environmentally safe.
“Furthermore, leaching tests confirmed the environmental safety of the biochar, with heavy metal concentrations well below regulatory limits.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The combination of neutral pH and low heavy metal availability supports the use of activated biochars as sustainable soil amendments with minimal risk of secondary contamination.
“This combination of neutral pH and low heavy metal availability further supports the use of activated biochars as sustainable soil amendments with minimal risk of secondary contamination.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: A more neutral pH is more suitable for agricultural applications and less likely to alter or acidify soil systems than an acidic pH.
- Interpretationnone given
The development of microporous and mesoporous structures during activation played a critical role in improving adsorption performance.
“The development of microporous and mesoporous structures during activation played a critical role in improving adsorption performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
This study demonstrates the potential of biochar derived from WPW as a sustainable and efficient adsorbent for phenol removal from aqueous solutions.
“This study demonstrates the potential of biochar derived from wood panel waste (WPW) as a sustainable and efficient adsorbent for phenol removal from aqueous solutions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The biochars are safe to use as amendments to improve soil properties.
“Low concentrations of the toxic elements Cr, Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, and Zn were detected in the different biochars, indicating that they are safe to use as amendments to improve soil properties.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The nutrients Fe, Al, Mn, Ca, Mg, K, and Na improve soil fertility.
- May combine two claims. 24
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 18
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWPW has a high cellulose (40-60%) and lignin (~30%) content.
“Meanwhile, despite its high cellulose (40-60%) and lignin (~30%) content and its abundance, WPW remains an under-exploited source for synthesized high-performance biochar [28].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [28] Neitzel, N., Hosseinpourpia, R., Walther, T., and Adamopoulos, S. (2022). Alternative Materials from Agro-Industry for Wood Panel Manufacturing—A Review. Materials, 15. source
Section 2.1.1 (page unavailable) reports 42–49% cellulose and 25–30% lignin for hardwoods, broadly consistent with the claimed composition. It does not identify WPW or give the stated 40–60% cellulose range for WPW; Section 2.1 gives that range for miscanthus instead. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe better adsorption yields as a function of time suggest that the process follows a dominant intraparticle diffusion mechanism, where electrostatic interactions and π-π bonds with the aromatic rings of phenol play a critical role.
“Furthermore, the better adsorption yields as a function of time suggest that the process follows a dominant intraparticle diffusion mechanism, where electrostatic interactions and π-π bonds with the aromatic rings of the phenol play a critical role [59,60].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [59] Barszcz, W., Łożyńska, M., and Molenda, J. (2024). Impact of Pyrolysis Process Conditions on the Structure of Biochar Obtained from Apple Waste. Sci. Rep., 14. source
The Materials and methods and Results and discussion sections on physical adsorption describe nitrogen isotherms used to measure apple-waste biochar porosity, not phenol adsorption over time. A search for phenol adsorption kinetics, intraparticle diffusion, electrostatic interactions, and π–π bonding found no passage addressing the claimed mechanism. The copy provides no page numbers for these sections. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [60] Chatterjee, R., Sajjadi, B., Chen, W.-Y., Mattern, D.L., Hammer, N., Raman, V., and Dorris, A. (2020). Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature on PhysicoChemical Properties and Acoustic-Based Amination of Biochar for Efficient CO2 Adsorption. Front. Energy Res., 8. source
The CO2 Adsorption Experiments section describes CO2 capture from simulated flue gas, while the adsorption-capacity section relates yields to pyrolysis temperature and biochar properties. Searches for phenol, intraparticle diffusion, electrostatic interactions, and π-π bonding found no passage addressing the claimed time-dependent mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe transformation of activated biochar enhances its hydrophobicity and chemical stability, which are critical parameters for effective adsorption.
“This transformation enhances the activated biochar's hydrophobicity and chemical stability, which are critical parameters for effective adsorption [56,57].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [56] Jagadeesh, 2023, Adsorption of Pollutants from Wastewater by Biochar: A Review, J. Hazard. Mater. Adv. source
- cites [57] Radwan, A., Mohamed, S.O., Khalil, M.M.H., and El-Sewify, I.M. (2024). Effective Adsorption of Fluorescent Congo Red Azo Dye from Aqueous Solution by Green Synthesized Nanosphere ZnO/CuO Composite Using Propolis as Bee Byproduct Extract. Sci. Rep., 14. source
The Introduction and Results and discussion passages describe dye adsorption by a ZnO/CuO nanocomposite, not a transformation of activated biochar. Searches for activated biochar, hydrophobicity, and chemical stability found no passage saying that such a transformation improves those properties or adsorption. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe literature acknowledges the importance of oxygen-containing functional groups, as demonstrated by FTIR analyses in previous studies.
“The literature acknowledges the importance of these functional groups, as demonstrated by FTIR analyses in previous studies [20,21,25].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites [20] Komnitsas, K.A., and Zaharaki, D. (2016). Morphology of Modified Biochar and Its Potential for Phenol Removal from Aqueous Solutions. Front. Environ. Sci., 4. source
- cites [21] Han, M., Liu, Z., Huang, S., Zhang, H., Yang, H., Liu, Y., Zhang, K., and Zeng, Y. (2024). Application of Biochar-Based Materials for Effective Pollutant Removal in Wastewater Treatment. Nanomaterials, 14. source
The Introduction (page unavailable) says oxygen-containing groups such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, and carbonyl enhance biochar’s chemical adsorption of pollutants. It does not establish the claim’s FTIR-analysis detail; searches for “FTIR” and “infrared spectroscopy” found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [25] Chen, 2025, Enhanced Adsorption of Phenol Using EDTA-4Na- and KOH-Modified Almond Shell Biochar, Sustain. Environ. Res. source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBiochar has a high porosity with a specific surface area of up to 1500 m2/g.
“Its high porosity (with a specific surface area of up to 1500 m 2 /g), modular carbon structure, and ability to trap organic contaminants via π-π interactions and hydrogen bonds make it an excellent choice for water decontamination [19][20][21].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites [19] Beljin, J., Đukanović, N., Anojčić, J., Simetić, T., Apostolović, T., Mutić, S., and Maletić, S. (2025). Biochar in the Remediation of Organic Pollutants in Water: A Review of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Pesticide Removal. Nanomaterials, 15. source
- cites [20] Komnitsas, K.A., and Zaharaki, D. (2016). Morphology of Modified Biochar and Its Potential for Phenol Removal from Aqueous Solutions. Front. Environ. Sci., 4. source
The Introduction describes biochar as porous, and Characterization of Biochars reports increased porosity after modification. That section gives 572.4 m²/g as the highest surface area among the biochars studied; it does not support the stated figure of 1500 m²/g. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [21] Han, M., Liu, Z., Huang, S., Zhang, H., Yang, H., Liu, Y., Zhang, K., and Zeng, Y. (2024). Application of Biochar-Based Materials for Effective Pollutant Removal in Wastewater Treatment. Nanomaterials, 14. source
The Introduction and §2.3 describe biochar as porous and having a large surface area. Neither passage gives a specific surface area of up to 1500 m²/g, and searches for that figure found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationThe metal present in WPW could also come from the panel manufacturing process, which involves cutting and/or grinding tools.
“The metal present in WPW could also come from the panel manufacturing process, which involves cutting and/or grinding tools [73].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [73] Humar, 2010, Inorganic Pollutants in Recovered Wood from Slovenia and Boards Made of Disintegrated Wood, Open Environ. Eng. J. source
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataAt 100 mg/L initial phenol concentration, raw biochar (BWP) achieved 18.3 mg/g adsorption at 48 h, with a significant drop at 24 h.
“At 100 mg/L, higher adsorption is observed (18.3 mg/g at 48 h), although a significant drop is recorded at 24 h, suggesting partial desorption or saturation of the active sites on its surface.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe pseudo-second-order model best described phenol adsorption for all biochars, with high correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.99 for BWP850 and BWP950).
“The kinetic modeling results (Table 2) reveal that the pseudo-second-order model best describes the phenol adsorption behavior for all biochars, as evidenced by the high correlation coefficients (R 2 > 0.99 for BWP850 and BWP950).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationThe concentrations of most metals increase after pyrolysis, and more so after activation.
“The concentrations of most metals increase after pyrolysis, and more so after activation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataVery low levels of heavy metals were measured in the leachate, with some below detection limits.
“Very low levels of heavy metals were measured in the leachate, with some below detection limits.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe highest metal concentrations in WPW are Ca (2513 mg/kg) and K (811 mg/kg), followed by Na (684 mg/kg) and Fe (319 mg/kg).
“The highest metal concentrations in the WPW are for Ca and K (2513 mg/kg and 811 mg/kg, respectively), followed by Na (684 mg/kg) and Fe (319 mg/kg).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe adsorption process was best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm.
“The adsorption process was best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm, indicating chemisorption and monolayer adsorption mechanisms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenRaw biochar exhibits an acidic pH, while thermally activated biochar shows a more neutral pH.
“While the raw biochar exhibits an acidic pH, the thermally activated biochar shows a more neutral pH, which is more suitable for agricultural applications and less likely to alter or acidify soil systems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe two-step thermochemical approach (fast pyrolysis followed by activation) produced biochars with favorable surface properties for gas adsorption and mitigated the formation of highly toxic nitrogenous volatiles.
“Thus, the two-step thermochemical approach (fast pyrolysis followed by activation) not only produced biochars with favorable surface properties for gas adsorption but also mitigated the formation of highly toxic nitrogenous volatiles, thereby enhancing the environmental benefits of using fast pyrolysis to valorize reconstituted wood waste.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationWPW contains approximately 88-90% wood particles, 10-12% urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin, and less than 0.5% melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin by dry weight.
“According to the manufacturer and the literature [33], the WPW contained approximately 88-90% wood particles, 10-12% urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin, and less than 0.5% melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin by dry weight.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [33] Girods, 2008, Low-Temperature Pyrolysis of Wood Waste Containing Urea–Formaldehyde Resin, Renew. Energy source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningBWP950 shows lower adsorption capacity compared to chemically activated biochars because adsorption performance depends not only on surface area but also on surface chemistry.
“Despite its higher SBET (866 m 2 /g), BWP950 shows lower adsorption capacity compared to chemically activated biochars because adsorption performance depends on not only surface area but also surface chemistry.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationPhenol is classified as a priority pollutant due to its acute toxicity and environmental persistence.
“Simultaneously, phenol, an organic contaminant frequently found in effluents from petrochemical and pharmaceutical industries, is classified as a priority pollutant due to its acute toxicity and environmental persistence [6].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] Zhong, 2012, Phenol Removal Efficiencies of Sewage Treatment Processes and Ecological Risks Associated with Phenols in Effluents, J. Hazard. Mater. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationown dataWPW biochar offers a promising, eco-friendly solution for wastewater treatment in line with circular economy and green chemistry principles.
“Based on these findings, WPW biochar offers a promising, eco-friendly solution for wastewater treatment in line with circular economy and green chemistry principles.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Phenol adsorption performance measured in synthetic aqueous solutions is representative of performance in real wastewater.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThermal activation alone, when properly optimized, can produce biochars with effective adsorption properties while maintaining process sustainability and simplicity.
“These findings confirm that thermal activation alone, when properly optimized, can produce biochars with effective adsorption properties while maintaining process sustainability and simplicity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Thermal activation alone maintains process sustainability and simplicity.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe strong correlation between increased specific surface area and improved adsorption performance has been confirmed in several studies of thermally or chemically activated biochars.
“The strong correlation between increased specific surface area and improved adsorption performance has been confirmed in several studies of thermally or chemically activated biochars [50][51][52].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [50] Wang, 2022, Structure-Performance Correlation of High Surface Area and Hierarchical Porous Biochars as Chloramphenicol Adsorbents, Sep. Purif. Technol. source
- cites [51] Ahmad, 2007, Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Oil Palm Wood and Its Evaluation on Methylene Blue Adsorption, Dyes Pigment. source
- cites [52] Li, 2023, Influence of Adsorption Sites of Biochar on Its Adsorption Performance for Sulfamethoxazole, Chemosphere source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe analytical method for phenol quantification had a method detection limit (MDL) of 0.05 μg/L.
“The method detection limit (MDL) for phenol was 0.05 µg/L.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationRecent studies have demonstrated phenol adsorption capacities up to 458.9 mg/g for KOH-activated magnetic Fe-Zn biochar under optimized conditions (pH 6, 25°C, initial phenol 100 mg/L, dosage 0.5 g/L, contact time 480 min).
“Under optimized conditions (pH 6, temperature 25 • C, initial phenol concentration 100 mg/L, biochar dosage 0.5 g/L of solution, contact time 480 min), adsorption capacities up to 458.9 mg/g were obtained [22].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] Pei, T., Shi, F., Hou, D., Yang, F., Lu, Y., Liu, C., Lin, X., Lu, Y., Zheng, Z., and Zheng, Y. (2023). Enhanced Adsorption of Phenol from Aqueous Solution by KOH Combined Fe-Zn Bimetallic Oxide Co-Pyrolysis Biochar: Fabrication, Performance, and Mechanism. Bioresour. Technol., 388. source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningWPW could be used to produce biochar with enhanced carbon yield, aromaticity, and structural stability compared to conventional agricultural biomass.
“Therefore, beyond conventional agricultural biomass, WPW could be used to produce biochar with enhanced carbon yield, aromaticity, and structural stability.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationThe BET analysis was applied within the appropriate relative pressure range (P/P0 = 0.01-0.05) for specific surface area determination.
“Specific surface area (SBET, m 2 /g) was determined using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis applied within the appropriate relative pressure range (P/P 0 = 0.01-0.05)[35].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [35] Brunauer, 1938, Adsorption of Gases in Multimolecular Layers, J. Am. Chem. Soc. source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe increased volume of micropores and mesopores indicates that thermal activation promotes the creation of additional adsorption sites, improving the material's ability to capture organic and inorganic contaminants in solution.
“Furthermore, the increased volume of micropores (Vµ) and mesopores (Vm) indicates that thermal activation promotes the creation of additional adsorption sites, improving the material's ability to capture organic and inorganic contaminants in solution [47,48].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationThe TCLP was applied to simulate potential leaching of inorganic contaminants from WPW, pyrolyzed biochar, and activated biochars.
“As reconstituted WPW can leach when deposited in landfills, the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) [45] was applied to melamine WPW, pyrolyzed biochar, and activated biochars to simulate potential leaching.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [45] USEPA (2003). Method 1311: Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure, USEPA.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationCO2-activated wheat straw biochar pretreated with acid washing achieved 471.2 mg/g phenol adsorption capacity under optimized conditions (pH 6.55, 25°C, initial phenol 2500 mg/L, contact time 240 min, dosage 1 g/L).
“Recently, CO 2 -activated wheat straw biochar pretreated with acid washing achieved 471.2 mg/g adsorption capacity under optimized conditions: pH 6.55, temperature 25 • C, initial phenol concentration 2500 mg/L, contact time 240 min, and adsorbent dosage 1 g/L [23].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Zhou, 2023, Adsorption and Mechanism Study for Phenol Removal by 10% CO2 Activated Bio-Char after Acid or Alkali Pretreatment, J. Environ. Manag. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenQuality control measures for phenol analysis included a surrogate standard (Phenol-d5) to monitor recovery and a volumetric standard (Nitrobenzene-d5) for calibration correction.
“Quality control measures included the use of a surrogate standard (Phenol-d5) to monitor recovery rates during sample preparation and a volumetric standard (Nitrobenzene-d5) for calibration correction during instrumental analysis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationReconstituted wood panel waste (WPW) normally contains heavy metals that can significantly harm the environment and human health depending on their concentration.
“Reconstituted WPW normally contains heavy metals, which are considered pollutants and which can significantly harm the environment and human health, depending on their concentration [70].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [70] Arthuso, 2021, Addition of Eucalyptus sp Wood to Urban Wood Waste as a Strategy for Energetic Use, Sci. For.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationBamboo-derived nitrogen-doped magnetic porous hydrochar co-activated with K2FeO4 and CaCO3 achieved 211.7 mg/g phenol adsorption capacity under optimized conditions (initial phenol 200 mg/L, pH 6, 25°C, contact time 480 min, dosage 0.5 g/L).
“Under optimized conditions (initial phenol concentration 200 mg/L, pH 6, temperature 25 • C, contact time 480 min, adsorbent dosage 0.5 g/L), 211.7 mg/g adsorption capacity was achieved [24].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24] Pei, 2023, Bamboo-Derived Nitrogen-Doping Magnetic Porous Hydrochar Coactivated by K2FeO4 and CaCO3 for Phenol Removal: Governing Factors and Mechanisms, Environ. Pollut. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationUncontaminated solid wood presented lower metal concentrations compared to WPW.
“Moreno et al. [71] determined that uncontaminated solid wood presented lower metal concentrations compared to WPW, probably due to the presence of a melamine-formaldehyde coating bonded to both surfaces of the WPW.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [71] Moreno, 2016, Physical and Chemical Evaluation of Furniture Waste Briquettes, Waste Manag. source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe more neutral pH of thermally activated biochar is more suitable for agricultural applications and less likely to alter or acidify soil systems.
“While the raw biochar exhibits an acidic pH, the thermally activated biochar shows a more neutral pH, which is more suitable for agricultural applications and less likely to alter or acidify soil systems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: A more neutral pH is more suitable for agricultural applications and less likely to alter or acidify soil systems than an acidic pH.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe adsorption process indicates chemisorption and monolayer adsorption mechanisms.
“The adsorption process was best described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm, indicating chemisorption and monolayer adsorption mechanisms.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSi and Ti were the two most abundant metals in furniture wood waste, followed by Ca, K, Na, and Fe at lower concentrations than those found in the present study.
“Indeed, Moreno and Font [72] found that Si and Ti were the two most abundant metals in furniture wood waste, followed by Ca, K, Na, and Fe, at lower concentrations than those found in the present study: 1590, 340, 300, and 280 mg/kg, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [72] Moreno, 2015, Pyrolysis of Furniture Wood Waste: Decomposition and Gases Evolved, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Interpretationown dataThese findings underscore the potential of biochar as a safe and sustainable material for environmental applications.
“These findings underscore the potential of biochar as a safe and sustainable material for environmental applications.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationMetals do not volatilize, whereas organic matter is degraded and removed during pyrolysis and activation.
“Furthermore, the higher the activation temperature, the higher the concentration of metals in the activated biochar, because metals do not volatilize, whereas organic matter is degraded and removed during pyrolysis and activation [75].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [75] Xu, 2020, Influence of Sodium Hydroxide Addition on Characteristics and Environmental Risk of Heavy Metals in Biochars Derived from Swine Manure, Waste Manag. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBiochar could improve soil quality and reduce soil ecotoxicity by adsorbing potentially toxic trace elements and organic contaminants from the soil.
“In general, biochar could improve soil quality and reduce soil ecotoxicity by adsorbing potentially toxic trace elements and organic contaminants from the soil [76].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [76] Kim, 2020, Overview of Biochar Production from Preservative-Treated Wood with Detailed Analysis of Biochar Characteristics, Heavy Metals Behaviors, and Their Ecotoxicity, J. Hazard. Mater. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationnone givenThe abundance of Ca and Fe in the biochar and activated biochar could be due to contact with iron equipment during pyrolysis and activation.
“This could be due to contact between the biochar and activated biochars and the iron equipment during pyrolysis and activation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Phenol adsorption performance measured in synthetic aqueous solutions is representative of performance in real wastewater.
“Experiments were conducted in 100 mL beakers containing 50 mL of synthetic phenol solution (200 mg/L) and 0.05 g of adsorbent, for a solid-to-liquid ratio of 0.1 g per 100 mL.”
“Based on these findings, WPW biochar offers a promising, eco-friendly solution for wastewater treatment in line with circular economy and green chemistry principles.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The use of reconstituted wood waste as a precursor offers significant economic and environmental advantages.
“Although this performance is moderate compared to highly engineered adsorbents, the use of reconstituted wood waste as a precursor offers significant economic and environmental advantages.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Thermal activation alone maintains process sustainability and simplicity.
“These findings confirm that thermal activation alone, when properly optimized, can produce biochars with effective adsorption properties while maintaining process sustainability and simplicity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The biochar's environmental safety is adequately assessed by TCLP heavy metal leaching tests.
“As reconstituted WPW can leach when deposited in landfills, the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) [45] was applied to melamine WPW, pyrolyzed biochar, and activated biochars to simulate potential leaching.”
“Leaching tests confirmed the biochar's environmental safety, with heavy metal concentrations well below regulatory limits.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The nutrients Fe, Al, Mn, Ca, Mg, K, and Na improve soil fertility.
“In addition, high concentrations of the nutrients Fe, Al, Mn, Ca, Mg, K, and Na, which improve soil fertility, were detected.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A more neutral pH is more suitable for agricultural applications and less likely to alter or acidify soil systems than an acidic pH.
“While the raw biochar exhibits an acidic pH, the thermally activated biochar shows a more neutral pH, which is more suitable for agricultural applications and less likely to alter or acidify soil systems.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Isotherm dosage is stated as g/mL instead of g/L
MajorThe stated 0.05 g of biochar in 50 mL gives 0.001 g/mL, not 1 g/mL. This is a 1,000-fold difference in the dosage used to describe the adsorption experiments.
Reported 1 · recomputed 0.001
“For the adsorption isotherm experiments, 0.05 g of biochar was added to 50 mL of phenol solutions with initial concentrations ranging from 5 to 200 mg/L at a fixed dosage of 1 g/mL.”
Adsorption rate constant decreases rather than increases
MajorThe reported K2 value at 950 °C is smaller than the value at 750 °C, contrary to the stated increase with activation temperature.
“The adsorption rate constant (K 2 ) significantly increases with pyrolysis temperature”
“ranging from 4.63 × 10 -5 mg/(g•h) for BWP750 to 1.55 × 10 -7 mg/(g•h) for BWP950.”
Langmuir maximum does not increase across all activation temperatures
MinorTable 3 gives BWP750 the same Qmax as BWP950, with a lower value for BWP850. Those values do not increase proportionally with activation temperature.
“The maximum adsorption capacity (Q max ) increases proportionally with pyrolysis temperature, reaching 178.57mg/g for BWP950 compared to 144.93 mg/g for BWP850.”
“| BWP750 | 40.28 | 2.28 | 0.89 | 178.57 | 5.94 × 10 -5 | 0.99 | 4.78 | 14.77 | 0.68 | | BWP850 | 33.83 | 0.03 | 0.88 | 144.93 | 8.21 × 10 -5 | 0.99 | 16.89 | 46.52 | 0.98 | | BWP950 | 40.28 | 2.28 | 0.88 | 178.57 | 5.94 × 10 -5 | 0.99 | 21.58 | 38.89 | 0.94 |”
Zinc concentration falls as activation temperature rises
MinorThe categorical claim that metal concentrations rise with activation temperature is contradicted by zinc, which falls from 25 mg/kg at 750 °C to 7 mg/kg at 950 °C.
“Furthermore, the higher the activation temperature, the higher the concentration of metals in the activated biochar”
“Zn 7.7 ± 0.9 69.4 ± 2 19 ± 0.7 101 ± 12 25 ± 1 17 ± 1 7 ± 1”
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Ahmed, M. J., Anastopoulos, I. P., Marrakchi, F., & Manariotis, I. D. (2026) · Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis · doi:10.1016/j.jaap.2026.107629 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Bentis, A., Ceron Daza, L. D., Dia, M., Koubaa, A., & Braghiroli, F. L.
- Affiliations
- Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (CA)
- Research Forest Institute (Institut de Recherche sur les Forêts, IRF), University of Québec in Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 5E4, Canada
- Cégep de l'Abitibi Témiscamingue (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Bentis, Aziz
- Venue
- Applied Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2025-07-31
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 8518
- ISSN
- 2076-3417 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4413265622
- Semantic Scholar
- 2e8e106c4932ff8c73420a3debb9adf12493d5c1
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7
- FWCI
- 1.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Applied Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Consortium de recherche et innovations en bioprocédés industriels au Québec (CRIBIQ) (2022503)
- Fonds de recherche du Québec—Nature et technologies (FRQNT) (2022503)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
- Keywords
- activated biochar, phenol adsorption, pyrolysis, biochar activation, construction and demolition waste, wastewater treatment, adsorption kinetics, adsorption isotherms, heavy metal leaching, circular economy, green chemistry
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-18.
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