The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
How we detect microbes and respond to them: the Toll-like receptors and their transducers
Abstract
Macrophages and dendritic cells are in the front line of host defense. When they sense host invasion, they produce cytokines that alert other innate immune cells and also abet the development of an adaptive immune response. Although lipolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan, unmethylated DNA, and other microbial products were long known to be the primary targets of innate immune recognition, there was puzzlement as to how each molecule triggered a response. It is now known that the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the principal signaling molecules through which mammals sense infection. Each TLR recognizes a restricted subset of molecules produced by microbes, and in some circumstances, only a single type of molecule is sensed (e.g., only LPS is sensed by TLR4). TLRs direct the activation of immune cells near to and far from the site of infection, mobilizing the comparatively vast immune resources of the host to confine and defeat an invasive organism before it has become widespread. The biochemical details of TLR signaling have been analyzed through forward and reverse genetic methods, and full elucidation of the molecular interactions that transpire within the first minutes following contact between host and pathogen will soon be at hand.
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Cites
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Defective LPS Signaling in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/10ScCr Mice: Mutations in Tlr4 Gene
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Self-citationA Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA
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“TLR9 and -3 were shown to identify unmethylated DNA and double-stranded RNA, respectively [42, 43].”
BackgroundRecognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-κB by Toll-like receptor 3
Alexopoulou, L., Holt, A. C., Medzhitov, R., & Flavell, R. A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35099560 · Cited by 6,129
A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity
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CD14, a Receptor for Complexes of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS Binding Protein
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Self-citationThe innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by Toll-like receptor 5
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Cited by
Periodontitis: a polymicrobial disruption of host homeostasis
Darveau, R. P. (2010) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2337 · Cited by 1,688
Poole, S., Singhrao, S. K., Kesavalu, L., Curtis, M. A., & Crean, S. (2013) · Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-121918 · Cited by 598
Toll-like receptors and their ligands control mesenchymal stem cell functions
Pevsner-Fischer, M., Morad, V., Cohen-Sfady, M., Rousso-Noori, L., Zanin-Zhorov, A., Cohen, S., Cohen, I. R., & Zipori, D. (2007) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2006-06-028704 · Cited by 484
The role of the gut microbiota in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Abu-Shanab, A., & Quigley, E. M. M. (2010) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2010.172 · Cited by 457
Spatial and mechanistic separation of cross-presentation and endogenous antigen presentation
Burgdorf, S., Schölz, C., Kautz, A., Tampé, R., & Kurts, C. (2008) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.1601 · Cited by 405
Metadata
- Authors
- Beutler, B., Hoebe, K., Du, X., & Ulevitch, R. J.
- Venue
- Journal of Leukocyte Biology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2003-07-01
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 479-485
- ISSN
- 0741-5400 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-3673
- OpenAlex
- W2139867627
- Cited by
- 591
- References
- 64
- FWCI
- 15.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Beutler, B., Hoebe, K., Du, X., & Ulevitch, R. J. (2003). How we detect microbes and respond to them: the Toll-like receptors and their transducers. Journal of Leukocyte Biology. https://doi.org/10.1189/jlb.0203082
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