Cited by 275Health Policy Implementation ScienceStatistical Methods in Clinical TrialsMeta-analysis and systematic reviews

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Determinants of the intracluster correlation coefficient in cluster randomized trials: the case of implementation research

Campbell, Marion K, Fayers, Peter M, Grimshaw, Jeremy M·2005·Clinical Trials

DOI 10.1191/1740774505cn071oa

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The objective of this research was to identify determinants of the magnitude of intracluster correlation coefficients (ICCs) in cluster randomized trials from the field of implementation research. A survey of experts was conducted to generate a priori hypotheses of factors that might affect ICC size. Hypotheses were tested on empirical estimates of ICCs calculated from 21 implementation research datasets, mainly from the UK. Effects of setting (primary or secondary care), type of variable (process or outcome), type of measurement (objective or subjective), prevalence of outcome and size of cluster were tested. In total, 220 ICCs were available (range 0 to 0.415). Significant differences in ICC magnitude were found. The ICCs were significantly higher for process than for outcome variables, and for secondary care outcomes compared with primary care outcomes. The effects of prevalence and size were less clear cut. There was no evidence to suggest that type of measurement affected ICC size. In conclusion, accurate estimates of ICCs are essential for sample size calculations for cluster randomized trials of professional behaviour change interventions. This study demonstrates that ICCs are sensitive to a number of trial factors, particularly setting and outcome type. These factors must be considered when planning such cluster randomized trials.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1191/1740774505cn071oa

Cites

30 of 30 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior.
Ouellette, J. A., & Wood, W. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.54 · Cited by 3,480
Introducing Multilevel Modeling
Kreft, I., & de Leeuw, J. (1998) · doi:10.4135/9781849209366 · Cited by 2,997
Regression standard errors in clustered samples
Rogers, W. H. (1993) · Stata technical bulletin · Cited by 2,694
A Note on Robust Variance Estimation for Cluster‐Correlated Data
Williams, R. L. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00645.x · Cited by 2,501
Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomization Trials in Health Research
Davis, W. W. (2001) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/jasa.2001.s433 · Cited by 1,735
Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomization Trials in Health Research
DONNER, A. P., & Klar, N. S. (2000) · Cited by 1,236
Methods for evaluating area-wide and organisation-based interventions in health and health care: a systematic review.
Ukoumunne, Gulliford, M. C., Chinn, Sterne, & Burney, P. (1999) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta3050 · Cited by 1,211
Design and Analysis of Group-Randomized Trials
Sonnad, S. S. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199902000-00025 · Cited by 1,130
Design and Analysis of Group-Randomized Trials
Murray, D. M. (2007) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195120363.001.0001 · Cited by 1,117
Components of Variance and Intraclass Correlations for the Design of Community-based Surveys and Intervention Studies: Data from the Health Survey for England 1994
Gulliford, M. C., Ukoumunne, O. C., & Chinn, S. (1999) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009904 · Cited by 853

Show all 30 references

Research works printed but not linked: 8

Donner A, 1998, Appl Stat, 47, 95
Campbell MK, 2000, JHSRP, 5, 12
Mason J, 1999, JHSRP, 4, 106
Rogers WH, 1993, Stata Technical Bulletin, 3, 88
NHS Cervical Screening Programme, 2001, Cervical Screening: a pocket guide
Adams G, 2003, JHSRP, 8, 87
Eccles M, 1999, BJGP, 49, 35
Turner RM, 2000, Proceedings of the International Society of Clinical Biostatistics, 49

Sorted by citations

Items 101–200 of 275

The design and use of cluster randomised controlled trials in evaluating injury prevention interventions: part 2. Design effect, sample size calculations and methods for analysis: Table 1
Coupland, C. A. C., & DiGuiseppi, C. G. (2010) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/ip.2009.023127 · Cited by 22
Intervention effect estimates in cluster randomized versus individually randomized trials: a meta-epidemiological study
Leyrat, C., Caille, A., Eldridge, S., Kerry, S., Dechartres, A., & Giraudeau, B. (2019) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyy229 · Cited by 20
Practical considerations for sample size calculation for cluster randomized trials
Leyrat, C., Eldridge, S. M., Taljaard, M., & Hemming, K. (2024) · Journal of Epidemiology and Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.jeph.2024.202198 · Cited by 20
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Obesity Indicators and Energy Balance–Related Behaviors Among New York City Public Elementary Schools
Gray, H. L., Burgermaster, M., Tipton, E., Contento, I. R., Koch, P. A., & Noia, J. D. (2015) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198115598987 · Cited by 21
Effectiveness of Improvement Plans in Primary Care Practice Accreditation: A Clustered Randomized Trial
Nouwens, E., van Lieshout, J., Bouma, M., Braspenning, J. C. C., & Wensing, M. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0114045 · Cited by 20
Cluster randomised controlled trial to investigate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a Structured Health Intervention For Truckers (the SHIFT study): a study protocol
Clemes, S. A., Varela-Mato, V., Munir, F., Edwardson, C. L., Chen, Y., Hamer, M., Gray, L. J., Jaicim, N. B., Richardson, G. A., Johnson, V., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030175 · Cited by 22
Antibiotic prescribing and non-prescribing in nursing home residents with signs and symptoms ascribed to urinary tract infection (ANNA): study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial
Rutten, J. J. S., van Buul, L. W., Smalbrugge, M., Geerlings, S. E., Gerritsen, D. L., Natsch, S., Sloane, P. D., Veenhuizen, R. B., van der Wouden, J. C., & Hertogh, C. M. P. M. (2020) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01662-0 · Cited by 20
Multiple imputation methods for bivariate outcomes in cluster randomised trials
Diaz‐Ordaz, K., Kenward, M. G., Gomes, M., & Grieve, R. (2016) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.6935 · Cited by 20
Knowledge Translation Consensus Conference: Research Methods
Compton, S. A., Lang, E., Richardson, T. M., Hess, E. P., Green, J., Meurer, W. J., Stanley, R. M., Dunne, R., Scott, S. D., Khare, R. K., et al. (2007) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2007.tb02378.x · Cited by 20
Self-citation
Sample size requirements to detect an intervention by time interaction in longitudinal cluster randomized clinical trials with random slopes
Heo, M., Xue, X., & Kim, M. (2012) · Computational Statistics & Data Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.csda.2012.11.016 · Cited by 19
Integrating HIV, diabetes and hypertension services in Africa: study protocol for a cluster randomised trial in Tanzania and Uganda
Mfinanga, S., Nyirenda, M., Mutungi, G. N., Mghamba, J. M., Maongezi, S., Musinguzi, J., Okebe, J., Kivuyo, S. L., Birungi, J., van Widenfelt, E., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-047979 · Cited by 19
Self-management education for adults with poorly controlled epilepsy (SMILE (UK)): statistical, economic and qualitative analysis plan for a randomised controlled trial
Magill, N., Ridsdale, L., Goldstein, L. H., McCrone, P., Morgan, M., Noble, A. J., Baker, G. A., Richardson, M. P., Taylor, S. J., & Landau, S. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0788-9 · Cited by 18
Shared Decision-Making Training for Home Care Teams to Engage Frail Older Adults and Caregivers in Housing Decisions: Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial
Adisso, É. L., Taljaard, M., Stacey, D., Brière, N., Zomahoun, H. T. V., Durand, P. J., Rivest, L., & Légaré, F. (2022) · JMIR Aging · doi:10.2196/39386 · Cited by 18
Impact of health education intervention on demand of women for cervical cancer screening: a cluster-randomized controlled trial
Abera, G. B., Abebe, S. M., & Worku, A. G. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06765-0 · Cited by 18
A comparison of imputation strategies in cluster randomized trials with missing binary outcomes
Caille, A., Leyrat, C., & Giraudeau, B. (2014) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280214530030 · Cited by 18
Designing trials for pressure ulcer risk assessment research: Methodological challenges
Balzer, K., Köpke, S., Lühmann, D., Haastert, B., Kottner, J., & Meyer, G. (2013) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.02.008 · Cited by 18
Evaluating the effect of a web-based quality improvement system with feedback and outreach visits on guideline concordance in the field of cardiac rehabilitation: rationale and study protocol
van Engen-Verheul, M. M., de Keizer, N. F., van der Veer, S. N., Kemps, H., Reimer, W. J. M. S. O., Jaspers, M., & Peek, N. B. (2014) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-014-0131-y · Cited by 18
Lifestyle Intervention for Sustained Remission of Metabolic Syndrome
Powell, L. H., Berkley‐Patton, J., Drees, B. M., Karavolos, K., Lohse, B., Masters, K. S., Nicklas, J. M., Rothschild, S. K., Yeh, C., Zimmermann, L. J., et al. (2025) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.5900 · Cited by 20
Effectiveness of Enhanced Performance Feedback on Appropriate Use of Blood Transfusions
Stanworth, S. J., Walwyn, R. E. A., Grant‐Casey, J., Hartley, S., Moreau, L. A., Lorencatto, F., Francis, J., Gould, N. J., Swart, N., Rowley, M., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.0364 · Cited by 17
Self-citation
Determining the efficacy of guppies and pyriproxyfen (Sumilarv® 2MR) combined with community engagement on dengue vectors in Cambodia: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Hustedt, J. C., Doum, D., Keo, V., Ly, S., Sam, B., Chan, V., Alexander, N. D. E., Bradley, J., Prasetyo, D. B., Rachmat, A., et al. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2105-2 · Cited by 18
Efficient design of geographically-defined clusters with spatial autocorrelation
I. Watson, S. (2022) · Journal of Applied Statistics · doi:10.1080/02664763.2021.1941807 · Cited by 16
Enhancing Lifestyles in the Metabolic syndrome (ELM) multisite behavioral efficacy trial. Design and baseline cohort
Powell, L. H., Daniels, B. T., Drees, B. M., Karavolos, K., Lohse, B., Masters, K. S., Nicklas, J. M., Ruder, E. H., Suzuki, S., Trabold, N., et al. (2024) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2023.12.016 · Cited by 16
Improving quality and outcomes of stroke care in hospitals: Protocol and statistical analysis plan for the Stroke123 implementation study
Cadilhac, D. A.-M., Andrew, N. E., Kilkenny, M. F., Hill, K. M., Grabsch, B. E., Lannin, N. A., Thrift, A. G., Anderson, C. S., Donnan, G. A., Middleton, S., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1177/1747493017730741 · Cited by 16
Factors Associated With Specialists’ Intention to Adopt New Behaviors After Taking Web-Based Continuing Professional Development Courses: Cross-sectional Study
Bergeron, L., Décary, S., Djade, C., Daniel, S. J., Tremblay, M., Rivest, L.-P., & Légaré, F. (2022) · JMIR Medical Education · doi:10.2196/34299 · Cited by 10
On the Mixed-Model Analysis of Covariance in Cluster-Randomized Trials
Wang, B., Harhay, M. O., Tong, J., Small, D. S., Morris, T. P., & Li, F. (2026) · Statistical Science · doi:10.1214/24-sts944 · Cited by 34
Intraclass correlation coefficients in the Brazilian network for surveillance of severe maternal morbidity study
Haddad, S. M., Sousa, M. H., Cecatti, J. G., Parpinelli, M. Â., Costa, M. L., Souza, J. P., & for the Brazilian Network for Surveillance of Severe Maternal Morbidity Group (2012) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/1471-2393-12-101 · Cited by 15
Reducing Medical Admissions into Hospital through Optimising Medicines (REMAIN HOME) Study: protocol for a stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised trial
Foot, H., Freeman, C. R., Hemming, K., Scott, I. A., Coombes, I., Williams, I. D., Connelly, L. B., Whitty, J. A., Sturman, N. J., Kirsa, S. W., et al. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015301 · Cited by 15
Comparison of intraclass correlation coefficient estimates and standard errors between using cross-sectional and repeated measurement data: The Safety Check cluster randomized trial
Ip, E. H., Wasserman, R. C., & Barkin, S. L. (2010) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2010.11.001 · Cited by 15
Cluster Randomized Trials for Health Care Quality Improvement Research
Garrison, M. M., & Mangione-Smith, R. M. (2013) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2013.07.008 · Cited by 15
Treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men in primary care using a conservative intervention: cluster randomised controlled trial
Drake, M. J., Worthington, J., Frost, J., Sanderson, E., Cochrane, M., Cotterill, N., Fader, M. J., Hackshaw‐McGeagh, L., Hashim, H., Macaulay, M., et al. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-075219 · Cited by 14
PARROT Ireland: Placental growth factor in Assessment of women with suspected pre-eclampsia to reduce maternal morbidity: a Stepped Wedge Cluster Randomised Control Trial Research Study Protocol
Hayes‐Ryan, D., Hemming, K., Breathnach, F., Cotter, A. M., Devane, D., Hunter, A. J., McAuliffe, F. M., Morrison, J. J., Murphy, D. J., Khashan, A. S., et al. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023562 · Cited by 14
Systematic review of the effects of care provided with and without diagnostic clinical prediction rules
Sanders, S., Rathbone, J., Bell, K., Glasziou, P., & Doust, J. A. (2017) · Diagnostic and Prognostic Research · doi:10.1186/s41512-017-0013-2 · Cited by 14
Cultural adaptation of an existing children's weight management programme: the CHANGE intervention and feasibility RCT.
Pallan, M., Griffin, T., Hurley, K. L., Lancashire, E., Blissett, J., Frew, E., Griffith, L., Hemming, K., Jolly, K., McGee, E., et al. (2019) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta23330 · Cited by 9
A Value-Based Comparison of the Management of Ambulatory Respiratory Diseases in Walk-in Clinics, Primary Care Practices, and Emergency Departments: Protocol for a Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study
Berthelot, S., Breton, M., Guertin, J. R., Archambault, P. M., Pelletier, E. B., Blouin, D., Borgundvaag, B., Duhoux, A., Labbé, L. H., Laberge, M., et al. (2020) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/25619 · Cited by 14
Design and deployment of the STEEER-AF trial to evaluate and improve guideline adherence: a cluster-randomized trial by the European Society of Cardiology and European Heart Rhythm Association
Sterlinski, M. M., Bunting, K. V., Boriani, G., Bovéda, S., Guasch, E., Mont, L., Rajappan, K., Sommer, P., Mehta, S. P., Sun, Y., et al. (2024) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/euae178 · Cited by 13
Multifaceted antibiotic stewardship intervention using a participatory-action-research approach to improve antibiotic prescribing for urinary tract infections in frail elderly (ImpresU): study protocol for a European qualitative study followed by a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial
Hartman, E. A. R., Groen, W. G., Heltveit-Olsen, S. R., Lindbæk, M., Høye, S., Sundvall, P., Gunnarsson, R. K., Skoglund, I., Arnljots, E. S., Godycki-Ćwirko, M., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052552 · Cited by 13
Design for a cohort-randomized trial of an acceptance and commitment therapy-enhanced weight management and fitness program for Navy personnel
Afari, N., Cuneo, J. G., Herbert, M. S., Miller, I., Webb-Murphy, J. A., Delaney, E. M., Peters, J., Materna, K., Miggantz, E. L., Godino, J., et al. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100408 · Cited by 12
TReatIng Urinary symptoms in Men in Primary Healthcare using non-pharmacological and non-surgical interventions (TRIUMPH) compared with usual care: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial
Frost, J., Lane, J. A., Cotterill, N., Fader, M. J., Hackshaw‐McGeagh, L., Hashim, H., Macaulay, M., MacNeill, S., Noble, S., Rees, J., et al. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3648-1 · Cited by 13
Sample size determination for external pilot cluster randomised trials with binary feasibility outcomes: a tutorial
Hemming, K., Taljaard, M., Gkini, E., & Bishop, J. R. B. (2023) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-023-01384-1 · Cited by 14
Bayesian methods of analysis for cluster randomized trials with count outcome data
Clark, A., & Bachmann, M. O. (2009) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3747 · Cited by 16
Prostate‐specific antigen testing and prostate biopsy: are self‐reported lower urinary tract symptoms and health‐related quality of life associated with the decision to undergo these investigations?
AVERY, K. N. L., Metcalfe, C. D., Blazeby, J. M., Lane, J. A., Neal, D. E., Hamdy, F. C., & Donovan, J. (2008) · British Journal of Urology · doi:10.1111/j.1464-410x.2008.07879.x · Cited by 12
Dichotomizing a continuous outcome in cluster randomized trials: impact on power
Caille, A., Leyrat, C., & Giraudeau, B. (2012) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.5409 · Cited by 12
Revision of the Dutch clinical algorithm for assessing patient needs in cardiac rehabilitation based on identified implementation problems
van Engen-Verheul, M. M., Kemps, H., de Keizer, N. F., Hellemans, I. M., Goud, R., Kraaijenhagen, R. A., & Peek, N. B. (2011) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/1741826711408148 · Cited by 12
eRegTime, Efficiency of Health Information Management Using an Electronic Registry for Maternal and Child Health: Protocol for a Time-Motion Study in a Cluster Randomized Trial
Lindberg, M. H., Venkateswaran, M., Khader, K. A., Awwad, T., Ghanem, B., Hijaz, T., Mørkrid, K., & Frøen, J. F. (2019) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/13653 · Cited by 12
Implementation Research on Shared Decision Making in Primary Care: Inventory of Intracluster Correlation Coefficients
Charif, A. B., Croteau, J., Adekpedjou, R., Zomahoun, H. T. V., Adisso, É. L., & Légaré, F. (2019) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x19866296 · Cited by 12
Association of intracluster correlation measures with outcome prevalence for binary outcomes in cluster randomised trials
Yepnang, A. M. M., Caille, A., Eldridge, S. M., & Giraudeau, B. (2021) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/09622802211026004 · Cited by 11
Lessons Learned From a Practice‐Based, Multisite Intervention Study With Nurse Participants
Friese, C. R., Mendelsohn‐Victor, K., Ginex, P., McMahon, C. M., Fauer, A. J., & McCullagh, M. C. (2017) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12279 · Cited by 13
Trial Characteristics and Appropriateness of Statistical Methods Applied for Design and Analysis of Randomized School-Based Studies Addressing Weight-Related Issues: A Literature Review
Heo, M., Nair, S., Wylie‐Rosett, J., Faith, M. S., Pietrobelli, A., Glassman, N. R., Martin, S. N., Dickinson, S., & Allison, D. B. (2018) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2018/8767315 · Cited by 11
An investigation of the effect of smartphone-based pain management application on pain intensity and the quality-of-life dimensions in adolescents with chronic pain: a cluster randomized parallel-controlled trial
Shaygan, M., Jahandide, Z., & Zarifsanaiey, N. (2021) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-021-02891-5 · Cited by 11
Sample Size Calculations
Eldridge, S. M., & Kerry, S. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781119966241.ch7 · Cited by 11
Using point-of-care C-reactive protein to guide antibiotic prescribing for lower respiratory tract infections in elderly nursing home residents (UPCARE): study design of a cluster randomized controlled trial
Boere, T. M., van Buul, L. W., Hopstaken, R., Veenhuizen, R. B., van Tulder, M. W., Cals, J., Verheij, T. J., & Hertogh, C. M. P. M. (2020) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-020-5006-0 · Cited by 10
A cross-sectional study of cardiovascular disease risk clustering at different socio-geographic levels in India
Bischops, A., Neve, J. D., Awasthi, A., Vollmer, S., Bärnighausen, T., & Geldsetzer, P. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-19647-3 · Cited by 10
A brief cognitive behavioural intervention is cost-effective for primary care patients with medically unexplained physical symptoms compared to usual care
Sitnikova, K., Finch, A. P., Leone, S. S., Bosmans, J. E., van Marwijk, H., van der Horst, H. E., & van der Wouden, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110217 · Cited by 11
A clustered randomized trial to IMProve treatment with AntiCoagulanTs in patients with Atrial Fibrillation (IMPACT-AF): design and rationale
Rao, M. P., Ciobanu, A. O., Lópes, R. D., Fox, K. A., Xian, Y., Pokorney, S. D., Al‐Khalidi, H. R., Jiang, J., Kamath, D. Y., Berwanger, O. B., et al. (2016) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2016.03.011 · Cited by 9
Evaluation of California's Armed and Prohibited Persons System: study protocol for a cluster-randomised trial
Wintemute, G. J., Beckett, L. A., Kass, P. H., Tancredi, D. J., Studdert, D. M., Pierce, G. L., Braga, A. A., Wright, M. A., & Cerdá, M. (2016) · Injury Prevention · doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2016-042194 · Cited by 10
Effectiveness of conservative urinary incontinence management among female nursing home residents—A cluster RCT
Hödl, M., Halfens, R. J. G., & Lohrmann, C. (2019) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2019.01.003 · Cited by 9
Education of healthcare professionals to improve guideline adherence in atrial fibrillation: the STEEER-AF cluster-randomized clinical trial
Kotecha, D., Bunting, K. V., Mehta, S. P., Sommer, P., Sterlinski, M. M., Rajappan, K., Mont, L., Guasch, E., Bovéda, S., Boriani, G., et al. (2025) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-025-03751-2 · Cited by 8
Sample size determinations for stepped-wedge clinical trials from a three-level data hierarchy perspective
Heo, M., Kim, N., Rinke, M. L., & Wylie‐Rosett, J. (2016) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280216632564 · Cited by 8
Illustrating Problems Faced by Stroke Researchers: A Review of Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trials
Sutton, C., Watkins, C. L., & Dey, P. (2012) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1111/j.1747-4949.2012.00915.x · Cited by 9
Comparison of Six Statistical Methods for Interrupted time Series Studies: Empirical Evaluation of 190 Published SeriesPreprint
Turner, S., Karahalios, A., Forbes, A. B., Taljaard, M., Grimshaw, J., & McKenzie, J. E. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-118335/v1 · Cited by 8
Self-citation
Integrating nurse-led Self-Management Support (SMS) in routine primary care: design of a hybrid effectiveness-implementation study among type 2 diabetes patients with problems of daily functioning and emotional distress: a study protocol
Vries, A. V. D., van Bokhoven, M. A., Terluin, B., van der Weijden, T., & van Eijk, J. T. M. (2013) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-14-77 · Cited by 7
Sit–stand desks to reduce sedentary behaviour in 9- to 10-year-olds: the Stand Out in Class pilot cluster RCT
Clemes, S. A., Bingham, D. D., Pearson, N., Chen, Y., Edwardson, C. L., McEachan, R., Tolfrey, K., Cale, L., Richardson, G. A., Fray, M., et al. (2020) · Public Health Research · doi:10.3310/phr08080 · Cited by 8
Effectiveness of financial incentives and message framing to improve clinic visits of people with moderate-high cardiovascular risk in a vulnerable population in Argentina: A cluster randomized trial
Poggio, R., Prado, C., Santero, M., Nejamis, A., Gutiérrez, L., & Irazola, V. E. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106738 · Cited by 7
Impact of a Multidisciplinary Supportive Care Model Using Distress Screening at an Asian Ambulatory Cancer Center: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Ke, Y., Neo, P. S. H., Yang, G. M., Neo, S. H., Tan, Y. Y., Tan, Y. P., Ramalingam, M. B., Loh, K. W.-J., Quah, D. S. C., Chew, L. S. T., et al. (2024) · JCO Oncology Practice · doi:10.1200/op.23.00505 · Cited by 6
Increasing pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in primary care: A study protocol for a multi-level intervention using the multiphase optimization strategy (MOST) framework
Lockhart, E. A., Turner, D. E., Guastaferro, K., Szalacha, L. A., Alzate, H. T., Marhefka, S. L., Pittiglio, B., Dekker, M., Yeh, H.-H. H., Zelenak, L., et al. (2024) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2024.107599 · Cited by 7
Imputing intracluster correlation coefficients from a posterior predictive distribution is a feasible method of dealing with unit of analysis errors in a meta-analysis of cluster RCTs
Konnyu, K. J., Taljaard, M., Ivers, N. M., Moher, D., & Grimshaw, J. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.06.011 · Cited by 6
Self-citation
Patient and provider determinants of breast cancer screening among Ontario women aged 40–49: a population-based retrospective cohort study
Nadler, M. B., Ivers, N. M., Marchand‐Austin, A., Lofters, A., Austin, P. C., Wilson, B. E., Desnoyers, A., & Amir, E. (2021) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-021-06344-y · Cited by 6
Accounting for expected attrition in the planning of cluster randomized trials for assessing treatment effect heterogeneity
Tong, J., Li, F., Harhay, M. O., & Tong, G. (2023) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-023-01887-8 · Cited by 6
The Intra‐Cluster Correlation Coefficient
Eldridge, S. M., & Kerry, S. (2012) · doi:10.1002/9781119966241.ch8 · Cited by 6
Measuring the impact of a “Virtual Pediatric Trauma Center” (VPTC) model of care using telemedicine for acutely injured children versus the standard of care: study protocol for a prospective stepped-wedge trial
Marcin, J. P., Tancredi, D. J., Galante, J. M., Rinderknecht, T. N., Haus, B. M., Leshikar, H. B., Zwienenberg, M., Rosenthal, J. L., Grether-Jones, K. L., Hamline, M. Y., et al. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06996-1 · Cited by 5
Multiply robust generalized estimating equations for cluster randomized trials with missing outcomes
Rabideau, D. J., Li, F., & Wang, R. (2024) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.10027 · Cited by 7
Designing phase III or IV trials for vaccines: Choosing between individual or cluster randomised trial designs
Vaucher, P. (2009) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.107 · Cited by 5
Evaluation of two strategies to implement physical cancer rehabilitation guidelines for survivors of abdominopelvic cavity tumors: a controlled before-and-after study
IJsbrandy, C., Ottevanger, P. B., Gerritsen, W. R., van Harten, W. H., & Hermens, R. (2021) · Journal of Cancer Survivorship · doi:10.1007/s11764-021-01045-3 · Cited by 5
Sickle Cell Trevor Thompson Transition Project (ST3P-UP) protocol for managing care transitions: Methods and rationale
Osunkwo, I., Lawrence, R. H., Robinson, M. M., Patterson, C. G., Symanowski, J. T., Minniti, C. P., Bryant, P., Williams, J., Eckman, J., & Desai, P. C. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2023.107089 · Cited by 5
Improving the D etection, A ssessment, M anagement and P revention of D elirium in Hospices (the DAMPen-D study): Feasibility study of a flexible and scalable implementation strategy to deliver guideline-adherent delirium care
Jackson, G. P., Jackson, C., Boland, J. W., Featherstone, I., Huang, C., Ogden, M., Sartain, K., Siddiqi, N., Twiddy, M., Pearson, M., et al. (2024) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/02692163241236325 · Cited by 5
Pilot cluster randomized controlled trial of a complex intervention to improve management of vertigo in primary care (PRIMA-Vertigo): study protocol
Kovacs, E., Stephan, A., Phillips, A., Schelling, J., Strobl, R., & Grill, E. (2018) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2018.1456413 · Cited by 5
Power and sample size calculations for cluster randomized trials with binary outcomes when intracluster correlation coefficients vary by treatment arm
Kennedy‐Shaffer, L., & Hughes, M. D. (2021) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/17407745211059845 · Cited by 5
Cognitive-behavioral therapy and exercise training in adolescent females with elevated depression symptoms and at-risk for type 2 diabetes: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Gutierrez‐Colina, A. M., Bristol, M., Clark, E., Sánchez, N., Gulley, L. D., Ruzicka, E. B., Handing, E. P., Kinsella, E., Kutchman, E. M., Witten, M. S., et al. (2023) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2023.107150 · Cited by 5
Implementation Research: Beyond the Traditional Randomized Controlled Trial
Mixon, A. S., Powell, L., & Estrada, C. A. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05470-4_13 · Cited by 5
A comparison of methods to analyse continuous data from pseudo cluster randomized trials
Teerenstra, S., Moerbeek, M., Melis, R. J. F., & Borm, G. F. (2007) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.2851 · Cited by 5
Respiratory tract infections in general practice
Dam, C., Munck, A., Hansen, M. P., Gahrn‐Hansen, B., Jarbøl, D. E., & Bjerrum, L. (2009) · Cited by 5
Effect of guideline based computerised decision support on decision making of multidisciplinary teams: cluster randomised trial in cardiac rehabilitation
(2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b1880 · Cited by 5
Cancer patients’ needs assessment in primary care: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT), economic evaluation and normalisation process theory evaluation of the needs assessment tool cancer (CANAssess)
Clark, J., Copsey, B. J., Wright-Hughes, A. M., McNaught, E., Bijsterveld, P., McCormack, T., Foy, R., Wilkes, S., Dickson, J. M., Meads, D. M., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051394 · Cited by 4
Lower urinary tract symptoms in men: the TRIUMPH cluster RCT
Worthington, J., Frost, J., Sanderson, E., Cochrane, M., Wheeler, J. R., Cotterill, N., MacNeill, S., Noble, S., Avery, M., Clarke, S., et al. (2024) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/gvbc3182 · Cited by 4
Cultural adaptation of a children’s weight management programme for Bangladeshi and Pakistani families in the UK: a cluster-randomised feasibility study protocol
Pallan, M. J., Griffin, T. L., Lancashire, E. R., Hurley, K. L., Blissett, J. M., Frew, E. J., Gill, P. S., Griffith, L., Hemming, K., Jolly, K. B., et al. (2016) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-016-0089-4 · Cited by 4
Sample size calculations for cluster randomised crossover trials in Australian and New Zealand intensive care research
Arnup, S. J., McKenzie, J. E., Pilcher, D. V., Bellomo, R., & Forbes, A. B. (2018) · Critical Care and Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/s1441-2772(23)00754-8 · Cited by 4
Randomized Controlled Trials 6: Determining the Sample Size and Power for Clinical Trials and Cohort Studies
Greene, T. (2021) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1138-8_16 · Cited by 4
Continuous enteral nutrition compared with a maximal gastric vacuity strategy at the time of extubation in the intensive care unit: protocol for a non-inferiority cluster randomised trial (the Ambroisie Project)
Landais, M., Nay, M.-A., Auchabie, J., Hubert, N., Rebion, A., Robert, A., Giraudeau, B., Reignier, J., Thille, A. W., Tavernier, E., et al. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041799 · Cited by 4
Effects of the Pregnancy and Newborn Diagnostic Assessment (PANDA) App on Antenatal Care Quality in Burkina Faso: Protocol for a Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Coulibaly, A., & Kouanda, S. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/37136 · Cited by 5
Sample size requirements for testing treatment effect heterogeneity in cluster randomized trials with binary outcomes
Maleyeff, L., Wang, R., Haneuse, S., & Li, F. (2023) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.9901 · Cited by 5
The CIPRUS study, a nurse-led psychological treatment for patients with undifferentiated somatoform disorder in primary care: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Sitnikova, K., Leone, S. S., Zonneveld, L. N. L., van Marwijk, H., Bosmans, J. E., van der Wouden, J. C., & van der Horst, H. E. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-1951-2 · Cited by 4
Performance feedback on the quality of care in hospitals performing thrombectomy for ischemic stroke (PERFEQTOS): protocol of a stepped wedge cluster randomized trial
Amini, M., den Hartog, S. J., van Leeuwen, N., Eijkenaar, F., Kuhrij, L. S., Stolze, L. J., Nederkoorn, P. J., Lingsma, H. F., van Es, A. C. G. M., van den Wijngaard, I. R., et al. (2021) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-021-05819-z · Cited by 4
Implementation Research: Beyond the Traditional Randomized Controlled Trial
Salanitro, A. H., Estrada, C. A., & Allison, J. J. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8486-7_13 · Cited by 4
A cluster randomized trial on inspiratory effort-targeted pressure support adjustment strategy in patients undergoing assisted mechanical ventilation: protocol for the IT-PSV study
Lu, W., Miao, M.-Y., Gao, R., Yang, Y.-L., Zhang, L., Weng, L., Zhu, F., Liu, L., & Zhou, J.-X. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1483976 · Cited by 3
Calculating power for multilevel implementation trials in mental health: Meaningful effect sizes, intraclass correlation coefficients, and proportions of variance explained by covariates
Williams, N. J., Cardamone, N. C., Beidas, R. S., & Marcus, S. C. (2024) · Implementation Research and Practice · doi:10.1177/26334895241279153 · Cited by 3
Trends in quality of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma care: is it getting better?
On behalf of the PEARL study group, Stienen, J. J. C., Ottevanger, P. B., Wennekes, L., van de Schans, S. A. M., Dekker, H. M., van der Maazen, R. W. M., van Krieken, J. H., Blijlevens, N. M. A., & Hermens, R. (2015) · Annals of Hematology · doi:10.1007/s00277-015-2340-0 · Cited by 3
Pilot randomized controlled trial Protocol: Life context-informed pre-visit planning to improve care plans for primary care patients with multiple chronic conditions including diabetes
Magnan, E., Gosdin, M., Tancredi, D. J., & Jerant, A. F. (2021) · Journal of Multimorbidity and Comorbidity · doi:10.1177/26335565211062387 · Cited by 3
Effectiveness of web-based intervention for life-change adaptation in family caregivers of community-dwelling individuals with acquired brain injury: A cluster-randomized controlled trial
Iwata, Y., & Tadaka, E. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0273278 · Cited by 3
Protocol for a parallel group, two-arm, superiority cluster randomised trial to evaluate a community-level complementary-food safety and hygiene and nutrition intervention in Mali: the MaaCiwara study (version 1.3; 10 November 2022)
Watson, S., Asamane, E., Lilford, R., Hemming, K., Sidibe, C., Rego, R. T. T., Bensassi, S., Diarra, A., Diarra, Y., Diop, S. I., et al. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06984-5 · Cited by 5
A strictly positive estimator of intra-cluster correlation for the one-way random eects model
Gabler, S., Ganninger, M., & Lahiri, P. (2011) · Cited by 3

Authors: Campbell, M. K., Fayers, P. M., & Grimshaw, J. M.
Affiliations: University of Aberdeen (GB)
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (CA)
Corresponding author: Campbell, Marion K
ORCID: Campbell, Marion K
Fayers, Peter M
Grimshaw, Jeremy M
Venue: Clinical Trials
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2005-04
Volume: 2
Issue: 2
Pages: 99-107
ISSN: 1740-7745 (ISSN-L)
1740-7753
DOI: 10.1191/1740774505cn071oa
OpenAlex: W2164947695
Cited by: 275
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 9.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Trials (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Canada Research Chairs
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Keywords: intra-cluster correlation, implementation research, primary care, secondary care, sample size determination, cluster size, measurement types
MeSH terms: Data Interpretation, Statistical, Health Services Research, Humans, Surveys and Questionnaires, Research Design, Models, Statistical, Cluster Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Sample Size, Evidence-Based Medicine, Biomedical Research, Empirical Research

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Determinants of the intracluster correlation coefficient in cluster randomized trials: the case of implementation research

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks