Cited by 275Health Policy Implementation ScienceStatistical Methods in Clinical TrialsMeta-analysis and systematic reviews

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 30 of the 30 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Determinants of the intracluster correlation coefficient in cluster randomized trials: the case of implementation research

Campbell, Marion K, Fayers, Peter M, Grimshaw, Jeremy M·2005·Clinical Trials

DOI 10.1191/1740774505cn071oa

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The objective of this research was to identify determinants of the magnitude of intracluster correlation coefficients (ICCs) in cluster randomized trials from the field of implementation research. A survey of experts was conducted to generate a priori hypotheses of factors that might affect ICC size. Hypotheses were tested on empirical estimates of ICCs calculated from 21 implementation research datasets, mainly from the UK. Effects of setting (primary or secondary care), type of variable (process or outcome), type of measurement (objective or subjective), prevalence of outcome and size of cluster were tested. In total, 220 ICCs were available (range 0 to 0.415). Significant differences in ICC magnitude were found. The ICCs were significantly higher for process than for outcome variables, and for secondary care outcomes compared with primary care outcomes. The effects of prevalence and size were less clear cut. There was no evidence to suggest that type of measurement affected ICC size. In conclusion, accurate estimates of ICCs are essential for sample size calculations for cluster randomized trials of professional behaviour change interventions. This study demonstrates that ICCs are sensitive to a number of trial factors, particularly setting and outcome type. These factors must be considered when planning such cluster randomized trials.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1191/1740774505cn071oa

Cites

30 of 30 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior.
Ouellette, J. A., & Wood, W. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.54 · Cited by 3,480
Introducing Multilevel Modeling
Kreft, I., & de Leeuw, J. (1998) · doi:10.4135/9781849209366 · Cited by 2,997
Regression standard errors in clustered samples
Rogers, W. H. (1993) · Stata technical bulletin · Cited by 2,694
A Note on Robust Variance Estimation for Cluster‐Correlated Data
Williams, R. L. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00645.x · Cited by 2,501
Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomization Trials in Health Research
Davis, W. W. (2001) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/jasa.2001.s433 · Cited by 1,735
Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomization Trials in Health Research
DONNER, A. P., & Klar, N. S. (2000) · Cited by 1,236
Methods for evaluating area-wide and organisation-based interventions in health and health care: a systematic review.
Ukoumunne, Gulliford, M. C., Chinn, Sterne, & Burney, P. (1999) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta3050 · Cited by 1,211
Design and Analysis of Group-Randomized Trials
Sonnad, S. S. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199902000-00025 · Cited by 1,130
Design and Analysis of Group-Randomized Trials
Murray, D. M. (2007) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195120363.001.0001 · Cited by 1,117
Components of Variance and Intraclass Correlations for the Design of Community-based Surveys and Intervention Studies: Data from the Health Survey for England 1994
Gulliford, M. C., Ukoumunne, O. C., & Chinn, S. (1999) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009904 · Cited by 853

Show all 30 references

Research works printed but not linked: 8

Donner A, 1998, Appl Stat, 47, 95
Campbell MK, 2000, JHSRP, 5, 12
Mason J, 1999, JHSRP, 4, 106
Rogers WH, 1993, Stata Technical Bulletin, 3, 88
NHS Cervical Screening Programme, 2001, Cervical Screening: a pocket guide
Adams G, 2003, JHSRP, 8, 87
Eccles M, 1999, BJGP, 49, 35
Turner RM, 2000, Proceedings of the International Society of Clinical Biostatistics, 49

Sorted by citations

Consort 2010 statement: extension to cluster randomised trials
Campbell, M. K., Piaggio, G., Elbourne, D. R., Altman, D. G., & for the CONSORT Group (2012) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e5661 · Cited by 3,510
Self-citation
Organizational readiness for implementing change: a psychometric assessment of a new measure
Shea, C., Jacobs, S., Esserman, D. A., Bruce, K., & Weiner, B. (2014) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-9-7 · Cited by 785
Tailored interventions to address determinants of practice
Baker, R., Camosso-Stefinovic, J., Gillies, C., Shaw, E. J., Cheater, F., Flottorp, S., Robertson, N., Wensing, M., Fiander, M., Eccles, M. P., et al. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005470.pub3 · Cited by 711
Effect of point of care testing for C reactive protein and training in communication skills on antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections: cluster randomised trial
Cals, J., Butler, C., Hopstaken, R., Hood, K., & Dinant, G. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b1374 · Cited by 499
Methods for sample size determination in cluster randomized trials
Rutterford, C., Copas, A., & Eldridge, S. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv113 · Cited by 429
Summarizing historical information on controls in clinical trials
Neuenschwander, B. E., Capkun-Niggli, G., Branson, M., & Spiegelhalter, D. J. (2010) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/1740774509356002 · Cited by 398
Sample size calculations for cluster randomised controlled trials with a fixed number of clusters
Hemming, K., Girling, A. J., Sitch, A. J., Marsh, J., & Lilford, R. J. (2011) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-11-102 · Cited by 317
Non-pharmacological interventions for somatoform disorders and medically unexplained physical symptoms (MUPS) in adults
van Dessel, N., den Boeft, M., van der Wouden, J. C., Kleinstäuber, M., Leone, S. S., Terluin, B., Numans, M. E., van der Horst, H. E., & van Marwijk, H. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011142.pub2 · Cited by 302
Cluster randomized trials with a small number of clusters: which analyses should be used?
Leyrat, C., Morgan, K. E., Leurent, B., & Kahan, B. C. (2018) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyx169 · Cited by 244
Sample size calculations for stepped wedge and cluster randomised trials: a unified approach
Hemming, K., & Taljaard, M. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.08.015 · Cited by 230
Determinants of utilisation of maternal care services after the reduction of user fees: A case study from rural Burkina Faso
De Allegri, M., Ridde, V., Louis, V. R., Sarker, M., Tiendrebéogo, J., Yé, M., Müller, O., & Jahn, A. (2011) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2010.10.010 · Cited by 215
Review of recent methodological developments in group-randomized trials: part 2—analysis
Turner, E. L., Prague, M., Gallis, J. A., Li, F., & Murray, D. M. (2017) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2017.303707 · Cited by 195
Challenges, solutions and future directions in the evaluation of service innovations in health care and public health
Raine, R., Fitzpatrick, R. M., Barratt, H., Bevan, G., Black, N. A., Boaden, R., Bower, P., Campbell, M., Denis, J., Devers, K. J., et al. (2016) · Health Services and Delivery Research · doi:10.3310/hsdr04160 · Cited by 197
Self-citation
The Intra‐Cluster Correlation Coefficient in Cluster Randomized Trials: A Review of Definitions
Eldridge, S. M., Ukoumunne, O. C., & Carlin, J. B. (2009) · International Statistical Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-5823.2009.00092.x · Cited by 181
Review of Recent Methodological Developments in Group-Randomized Trials: Part 1—Design
Turner, E. L., Li, F., Gallis, J. A., Prague, M., & Murray, D. M. (2017) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2017.303706 · Cited by 175
Comparison of six statistical methods for interrupted time series studies: empirical evaluation of 190 published series
Turner, S., Karahalios, A., Forbes, A. B., Taljaard, M., Grimshaw, J., & McKenzie, J. E. (2021) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-021-01306-w · Cited by 184
Self-citation
Evaluation of a Theory-Informed Implementation Intervention for the Management of Acute Low Back Pain in General Medical Practice: The IMPLEMENT Cluster Randomised Trial
French, S. D., McKenzie, J. E., O’Connor, D. A., Grimshaw, J., Mortimer, D., Francis, J., Michie, S., Spike, N., Schattner, P. L., Kent, P. M., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065471 · Cited by 156
Self-citation
Reflection on modern methods: when is a stepped-wedge cluster randomized trial a good study design choice?
Hemming, K., & Taljaard, M. (2020) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyaa077 · Cited by 160
Developing Appropriate Methods for Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Cluster Randomized Trials
Gomes, M., Ng, E. S. W., Grieve, R., Nixon, R. M., Carpenter, J. R., & Thompson, S. G. (2011) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x11418372 · Cited by 153
Evaluating policy and service interventions: framework to guide selection and interpretation of study end points
Lilford, R. J., Chilton, P. J., Hemming, K., Girling, A. J., Taylor, C. A., & Barach, P. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c4413 · Cited by 146
Multilevel factorial experiments for developing behavioral interventions: power, sample size, and resource considerations
Dziak, J. J., Nahum-Shani, I., & Collins, L. M. (2012) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0026972 · Cited by 142
Can patient involvement improve patient safety? A cluster randomised control trial of the Patient Reporting and Action for a Safe Environment (PRASE) intervention
Lawton, R., O'Hara, J. K., Sheard, L., Armitage, G., Cocks, K., Buckley, H., Corbacho, B., Reynolds, C., Marsh, C., Moore, S. G., et al. (2017) · BMJ Quality & Safety · doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2016-005570 · Cited by 138
Intracluster correlation coefficients and coefficients of variation for perinatal outcomes from five cluster-randomised controlled trials in low and middle-income countries: results and methodological implications
Pagel, C., Prost, A., Lewycka, S. O., Das, S., Colbourn, T., Mahapatra, R., Azad, K., Costello, A. M. D. L., & Osrin, D. (2011) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-151 · Cited by 121
Screening for genital chlamydia infection
Low, N. N., Redmond, S. M. S., Uusküla, A., van Bergen, J. E. A. M., Ward, H., Andersen, B. S., & Götz, H. M. (2016) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010866.pub2 · Cited by 100
Sample size calculation for cluster randomized cross‐over trials
Giraudeau, B., Ravaud, P., & Donner, A. P. (2008) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3383 · Cited by 102
Key considerations for designing, conducting and analysing a cluster randomized trial
Hemming, K., & Taljaard, M. (2023) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyad064 · Cited by 100
Clustering in surgical trials - database of intracluster correlations
Cook, J. A., Bruckner, T. M., MacLennan, G., & Seiler, C. M. (2012) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-13-2 · Cited by 85
The effect of online multimedia psychoeducational interventions on the resilience and perceived stress of hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a pilot cluster randomized parallel-controlled trial
Shaygan, M., Yazdani, Z., & Valibeygi, A. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03085-6 · Cited by 83
A multifaceted intervention to improve treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with wrist fractures: a cluster randomized trial
Cranney, A., Lam, M., Rühland, L., Brison, R., Godwin, M., Harrison, M., Harrison, M. B., Anastassiades, T., Grimshaw, J., & Graham, I. D. (2008) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-008-0669-0 · Cited by 76
Self-citation
Effect of guideline based computerised decision support on decision making of multidisciplinary teams: cluster randomised trial in cardiac rehabilitation
Goud, R., de Keizer, N. F., ter Riet, G., Wyatt, J. C., Hasman, A., Hellemans, I. M., & Peek, N. B. (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b1440 · Cited by 81
Intracluster correlation coefficients from the 2005 WHO Global Survey on Maternal and Perinatal Health: implications for implementation research
Taljaard, M., Donner, A. P., Villar, J., WOJDYLA, D. M., Velazco, A., Bataglia, V., Faúndes, A., Langer, A., Narváez, A., Valladares, E. C., et al. (2008) · Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-3016.2007.00901.x · Cited by 74
Intra-cluster correlation coefficients in adults with diabetes in primary care practices: the Vermont Diabetes Information System field survey
Littenberg, B., & MacLean, C. D. (2006) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-6-20 · Cited by 73
Understanding the cluster randomised crossover design: a graphical illustration of the components of variation and a sample size tutorial
Arnup, S. J., McKenzie, J. E., Hemming, K., Pilcher, D. V., & Forbes, A. B. (2017) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-017-2113-2 · Cited by 74
Effect of Early Multifactorial Therapy Compared With Routine Care on Microvascular Outcomes at 5 Years in People With Screen-Detected Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Sandbæk, A., Griffin, S. J., Sharp, S. J., Simmons, R. K., Borch‐Johnsen, K., Rutten, G. E. H. M., van den Donk, M., Wareham, N. J., Lauritzen, T., Davies, M. J., et al. (2014) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc13-1544 · Cited by 70
Multicomponent Program to Reduce Functional Decline in Frail Elderly People: A Cluster Controlled Trial
Ruikes, F. G. H., Zuidema, S. U., Akkermans, R. P., Assendelft, W. J., Schers, H., & Koopmans, R. T. C. M. (2016) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2016.02.150214 · Cited by 66
Statistical Methods for Cost-Effectiveness Analyses That Use Data from Cluster Randomized Trials
Gomes, M., Grieve, R., Nixon, R. M., & Edmunds, W. J. (2011) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x11407341 · Cited by 64
Efficacy of nature-based therapy for individuals with stress-related illnesses: randomised controlled trial
Stigsdotter, U. K., Corazon, S. S., Sidenius, U., Nyed, P. K., Larsen, H. B., & Fjorback, L. O. (2018) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.2018.2 · Cited by 61
Psychometric Properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) Among Family Caregivers of People with Schizophrenia in China
Wang, D., Zhu, F., Xi, S., Niu, L., Tebes, J. K., Xiao, S., & Yu, Y. (2021) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s320126 · Cited by 62
Cluster randomised trials
Barbui, C., & Cipriani, A. (2011) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796011000515 · Cited by 60
The effectiveness of the Liverpool care pathway in improving end of life care for dying cancer patients in hospital. A cluster randomised trial
the LCP Randomised Italian Cluster Trial Study Group, Costantini, M., Ottonelli, S., Canavacci, L., Pellegrini, F., & Beccaro, M. (2011) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-11-13 · Cited by 57
Educating Dutch General Practitioners in Dementia Advance Care Planning: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Tilburgs, B., Koopmans, R. T. C. M., Vernooij-Dassen, M. J. F. J., Adang, E., Schers, H., Teerenstra, S., van de Pol, M. H. J., Smits, C. H. M., Engels, Y., & Perry, M. (2019) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2019.09.010 · Cited by 60
Bayesian Hierarchical Models for Cost-Effectiveness Analyses that Use Data from Cluster Randomized Trials
Grieve, R., Nixon, R. M., & Thompson, S. G. (2009) · Medical Decision Making · doi:10.1177/0272989x09341752 · Cited by 57
Effect and Process Evaluation of a Smartphone App to Promote an Active Lifestyle in Lower Educated Working Young Adults: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Simons, D., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Clarys, P., De Cocker, K., Vandelanotte, C., & Deforche, B. (2018) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/10003 · Cited by 56
Intra-cluster correlations from the CLustered OUtcome Dataset bank to inform the design of longitudinal cluster trials
Korevaar, E., Kasza, J., Taljaard, M., Hemming, K., Haines, T. P., Turner, E. L., Thompson, J. A., Hughes, J. P., & Forbes, A. B. (2021) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/17407745211020852 · Cited by 59
The HAPPY (Healthy and Active Parenting Programmme for early Years) feasibility randomised control trial: acceptability and feasibility of an intervention to reduce infant obesity
on behalf of the BiB childhood obesity scientific group, McEachan, R., Santorelli, G., Bryant, M., Sahota, P., Farrar, D., Small, N., Akhtar, S., Sargent, J., Barber, S., et al. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2861-z · Cited by 57
Scaling up quality improvement intervention for perinatal care in Nepal (NePeriQIP); study protocol of a cluster randomised trial
Ashish, K. C., Bergström, A., Chaulagain, D. R., Brunell, O., Ewald, U., Gurung, A., Eriksson, L., Litorp, H., Wrammert, J., Grönqvist, E., et al. (2017) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000497 · Cited by 54
Strategies for guideline implementation in primary care focusing on patients with cardiovascular disease: a systematic review
Unverzagt, S., Oemler, M., Braun, K., & Klement, A. (2013) · Family Practice · doi:10.1093/fampra/cmt080 · Cited by 53
Effect of a multifaceted antibiotic stewardship intervention to improve antibiotic prescribing for suspected urinary tract infections in frail older adults (ImpresU): pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial in four European countries
Hartman, E. A. R., van de Pol, A. C., Heltveit-Olsen, S. R., Lindbæk, M., Høye, S., Lithén, S. S., Sundvall, P., Sundvall, S., Arnljots, E. S., Gunnarsson, R. K., et al. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-072319 · Cited by 51
METHODS FOR COVARIATE ADJUSTMENT IN COST‐EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS THAT USE CLUSTER RANDOMISED TRIALS
Gomes, M., Grieve, R., Nixon, R. M., Ng, E. S. W., Carpenter, J. R., & Thompson, S. G. (2012) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.2812 · Cited by 50
Cluster-randomized trial to evaluate a centralized clinical pharmacy service in private family medicine offices
Carter, B. L., Levy, B., Gryzlak, B., Xu, Y., Chrischilles, E., Dawson, J., Vander Weg, M., Christensen, A., James, P., & Polgreen, L. (2018) · Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.117.004188 · Cited by 46
Intracluster correlation coefficients from school-based cluster randomized trials of interventions for improving health outcomes in pupils
Parker, K., Nunns, M., Xiao, Z., Ford, T. J., & Ukoumunne, O. C. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.03.020 · Cited by 45
Goal-setting in geriatric rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Smit, E. B., Bouwstra, H., Hertogh, C. M. P. M., Wattel, E., & van der Wouden, J. C. (2018) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215518818224 · Cited by 46
Sample size calculations for 3-level cluster randomized trials
Teerenstra, S., Moerbeek, M., van Achterberg, T., Pelzer, B. J., & Borm, G. F. (2008) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/1740774508096476 · Cited by 44
Intracluster correlation coefficients for sample size calculations related to cardiovascular disease prevention and management in primary care practices
Singh, J., Liddy, C. E., Hogg, W. E., & Taljaard, M. (2015) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1042-y · Cited by 44
Case management for integrated care of older people with frailty in community settings
Sadler, E., Khadjesari, Z., Ziemann, A., Sheehan, K. J., Whitney, J. C., Wilson, D., Bakolis, I., Sevdalis, N., Sandall, J., Soukup, T., et al. (2023) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013088.pub2 · Cited by 45
Printed educational messages aimed at family practitioners fail to increase retinal screening among their patients with diabetes: a pragmatic cluster randomized controlled trial [ISRCTN72772651]
Zwarenstein, M., Shiller, S. K., Croxford, R., Grimshaw, J., Kelsall, D., Paterson, J. M., Laupacis, A., Austin, P. C., Tu, K., Yun, L., et al. (2014) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/1748-5908-9-87 · Cited by 41
Self-citation
Social support systems as determinants of self-management and quality of life of people with diabetes across Europe: study protocol for an observational study
Koetsenruijter, J., van Lieshout, J., Vassilev, I., Portillo, M. C., Serrano, M., Knutsen, I. R., Roukova, P., Lionis, C. D., Todorova, E., Foss, C., et al. (2014) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-12-29 · Cited by 42
Early Psychological Interventions for Somatic Symptom Disorder and Functional Somatic Syndromes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Berezowski, L., Ludwig, L., Martin, A., Löwe, B., & Mora, M. C. S. (2021) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001011 · Cited by 44
Continued enteral nutrition until extubation compared with fasting before extubation in patients in the intensive care unit: an open-label, cluster-randomised, parallel-group, non-inferiority trial
Landais, M., Nay, M.-A., Auchabie, J., Hubert, N., Frerou, A., Yehia, A., Mercat, A., Jonas, M., Martino, F., Moriconi, M., et al. (2023) · The Lancet Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00413-1 · Cited by 36
Communication skills of healthcare professionals in paediatric diabetes services
Hambly, H., Robling, M. R., Crowne, E. C., Hood, K., Gregory, J. W., & for the DEPICTED Study Team (2009) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02708.x · Cited by 36
Primary care-based multifaceted, interdisciplinary medical educational intervention for patients with systolic heart failure: lessons learned from a cluster randomised controlled trial
Peters-Klimm, F., Campbell, S., Müller‐Tasch, T., Schellberg, D., Gelbrich, G., Herzog, W., & Szécsényi, J. (2009) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-10-68 · Cited by 36
The Effectiveness of MI4MSM: How Useful is Motivational Interviewing as an HIV Risk Prevention Program for Men who have Sex with Men? A Systematic Review
Berg, R. C., Ross, M. W., & Tikkanen, R. H. (2011) · AIDS Education and Prevention · doi:10.1521/aeap.2011.23.6.533 · Cited by 36
Intraclass Correlation Coefficient
Campbell, M., Grimshaw, J., & Piaggio, G. G. (2008) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780471462422.eoct482 · Cited by 36
Self-citation
Effects of workplace-based dietary and/or physical activity interventions for weight management targeting healthcare professionals: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Power, B., Kiezebrink, K., Allan, J., & Campbell, M. (2014) · BMC Obesity · doi:10.1186/s40608-014-0023-3 · Cited by 35
Self-citation
Measures of between‐cluster variability in cluster randomized trials with binary outcomes
Thomson, A., Hayes, R., & Cousens, S. N. (2009) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3582 · Cited by 34
The Primary-Secondary Care Partnership to Improve Outcomes in Chronic Kidney Disease (PSP-CKD) Study: A Cluster Randomized Trial in Primary Care
Major, R., Brown, C., Shepherd, D. J., Rogers, S., Pickering, W. P., Warwick, G. L., Barber, S. R., Ashra, N., Morris, T., & Brunskill, N. J. (2019) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2018101042 · Cited by 34
Screening for Chlamydia trachomatis at the time of routine Pap smear in general practice: a cluster randomised controlled trial
Bowden, F. J., Currie, M. J., Toyne, H., McGuiness, C., Lim, L. L.-Y., Butler, J. R. G., & Glasgow, N. (2008) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01526.x · Cited by 34
Placental growth factor in assessment of women with suspected pre-eclampsia to reduce maternal morbidity: a stepped wedge cluster randomised control trial (PARROT Ireland)
Hayes‐Ryan, D., Khashan, A. S., Hemming, K., Easter, C., Devane, D., Murphy, D. J., Hunter, A. J., Cotter, A. M., McAuliffe, F. M., Morrison, J. J., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n1857 · Cited by 56
Practical help for specifying the target difference in sample size calculations for RCTs: the DELTA2 five-stage study, including a workshop
Cook, J. A., Julious, S. A., Sones, W. R., Hampson, L. V., Hewitt, C. E., Berlin, J. A., Ashby, D., Emsley, R., Fergusson, D. A., Walters, S. J., et al. (2019) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta23600 · Cited by 33
Implementing shared decision-making in interprofessional home care teams (the IPSDM-SW study): protocol for a stepped wedge cluster randomised trial
Légaré, F., Brière, N., Stacey, D., Lacroix, G., Desroches, S., Dumont, S., Fraser, K. D., Rivest, L., Durand, P. J., Turcotte, S., et al. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014023 · Cited by 32
Can General Practitioners manage mental disorders in primary care? A partially randomised, pragmatic, cluster trial
Anjara, S., Bonetto, C., Ganguli, P., Setiyawati, D., Mahendradhata, Y., Yoga, B. H., Trisnantoro, L., Brayne, C., & Bortel, T. V. V. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224724 · Cited by 34
Contamination: How much can an individually randomized trial tolerate?
Hemming, K., Taljaard, M., Moerbeek, M., & Forbes, A. (2021) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.8958 · Cited by 31
Breast Nurse Intervention to Improve Adherence to Endocrine Therapy Among Breast Cancer Patients in South Ethiopia
Getachew, S., Addissie, A., Seife, E., Wakuma, T., Unverzagt, S., Jemal, A., Taylor, L., Wienke, A., & Kantelhardt, E. J. (2022) · The Oncologist · doi:10.1093/oncolo/oyac081 · Cited by 31
The effectiveness of the Structured Health Intervention For Truckers (SHIFT): a cluster randomised controlled trial (RCT)
Clemes, S. A., Varela-Mato, V., Bodicoat, D. H., Brookes, C. L., Chen, Y., Edwardson, C. L., Gray, L. J., Guest, A. J., Johnson, V., Munir, F., et al. (2022) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02372-7 · Cited by 37
Moving towards universal coverage with malaria control interventions: achievements and challenges in rural Burkina Faso
Allegri, M. D., Louis, V. R., Tiendrébeogo, J., Souares, A., Yé, M., Tozan, Y., Jahn, A., & Mueller, O. (2012) · The International Journal of Health Planning and Management · doi:10.1002/hpm.2116 · Cited by 32
An Electronic Health Record Integrated Decision Tool and Supportive Interventions to Improve Antibiotic Prescribing for Urinary Tract Infections in Nursing Homes: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial
Rutten, J. J. S., van Buul, L. W., Smalbrugge, M., Geerlings, S. E., Gerritsen, D. L., Natsch, S., Sloane, P. D., van der Wouden, J. C., Twisk, J. W. R., & Hertogh, C. M. P. M. (2021) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2021.11.010 · Cited by 30
Efficacy of communication skills training on colorectal cancer screening by GPs: a cluster randomised controlled trial
Aubin-Auger, I., Laouenan, C., Bel, J. L., Mercier, A., Baruch, D., Lebeau, J., Youssefian, A., Trung, T. L., Peremans, L., & Royen, P. V. (2015) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1111/ecc.12310 · Cited by 30
Development and evaluation by a cluster randomised trial of a psychosocial intervention in children and teenagers experiencing diabetes: the DEPICTED study
Gregory, J. W., Robling, M. R., Bennert, K., Channon, S., Cohen, D. R., Crowne, E. C., Hambly, H., Hawthorne, K., Hood, K., Longo, M., et al. (2011) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta15290 · Cited by 30
Estimating intra-cluster correlation coefficients for planning longitudinal cluster randomized trials: a tutorial
Ouyang, Y., Hemming, K., Li, F., & Taljaard, M. (2023) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyad062 · Cited by 29
Cost–utility analysis conducted alongside randomized controlled trials: Are economic end points considered in sample size calculations and does it matter?
Hollingworth, W., McKell-Redwood, D., Hampson, L. V., & Metcalfe, C. D. (2012) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/1740774512465358 · Cited by 29
Electronic Medical Record-Assisted Design of a Cluster-Randomized Trial to Improve Diabetes Care and Outcomes
Love, T. E., Cebul, R. D., Einstadter, D., Jain, A., Miller, H., Harris, C. M., Greco, P. J., Husak, S. S., Dawson, N. V., & for the DIG-IT Investigators (2008) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-007-0454-3 · Cited by 27
Building Local Infrastructure for Community Adoption of Science-Based Prevention: The Role of Coalition Functioning
Shapiro, V. B., Hawkins, J. D., & Oesterle, S. (2015) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-015-0562-y · Cited by 28
Evaluating the PRASE patient safety intervention - a multi-centre, cluster trial with a qualitative process evaluation: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Sheard, L., O'Hara, J. K., Armitage, G., Wright, J., Cocks, K., McEachan, R., Watt, I. S., & Lawton, R. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-420 · Cited by 27
Healthy eating and lifestyle in pregnancy (HELP): a protocol for a cluster randomised trial to evaluate the effectiveness of a weight management intervention in pregnancy
John, E. D., Gallagher, D., Playle, R., Jewell, K., Cohen, D. R., Duncan, D., Newcombe, R. G., Busse, M. E., Owen-Jones, E., Williams, N. H., et al. (2014) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-14-439 · Cited by 26
Intracluster correlation coefficients for the Brazilian Multicenter Study on Preterm Birth (EMIP): methodological and practical implications
Lajos, G. J., Haddad, S. M., Tedesco, R. P., Passini, R., Dias, T. Z., Nomura, M. L., Rheder, P. M., de Sousa, M. H., & Cecatti, J. G. (2014) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-14-54 · Cited by 25
The Study of HIV and Antenatal Care Integration in Pregnancy in Kenya: Design, Methods, and Baseline Results of a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial
Turan, J. M., Steinfeld, R. L., Onono, M. A., Bukusi, E. A., Woods, M., Shade, S. B., Washington, S., Marima, R., Penner, J., Ackers, M., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044181 · Cited by 28
Intra-cluster correlation coefficients in primary care patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension
Lee, Y. L., Lim, Y. M. F., Law, K. B., & Sivasampu, S. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-04349-4 · Cited by 25
The CareWell-primary care program: design of a cluster controlled trial and process evaluation of a complex intervention targeting community-dwelling frail elderly
Ruikes, F. G. H., Meys, A. R., van de Wetering, G., Akkermans, R., van Gaal, B. G. I., Zuidema, S. U., Schers, H., van Achterberg, T., & Koopmans, R. T. C. M. (2012) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/1471-2296-13-115 · Cited by 25
Implementing evidence-based recommended practices for the management of patients with mild traumatic brain injuries in Australian emergency care departments: study protocol for a cluster randomised controlled trial
Bosch, M., McKenzie, J. E., Mortimer, D., Tavender, E. J., Francis, J., Brennan, S., Knott, J. C., Ponsford, J. L., Pearce, A. P., O’Connor, D. A., et al. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-281 · Cited by 27
Self-citation
Ensayos clínicos aleatorizados comunitarios (CONSORT CLUSTER)
Campbell, M., Elbourne, D. R., & Altman, D. G. (2005) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/s0025-7753(05)72206-5 · Cited by 26
Self-citation
Increased adherence to perioperative safety guidelines associated with improved patient safety outcomes: a stepped-wedge, cluster-randomised multicentre trial
Emond, Y., Calsbeek, H., Peters, Y., Bloo, G., Teerenstra, S., Westert, G. P., Damen, J., Wollersheim, H. C. H., & Wolff, A. P. (2022) · British Journal of Anaesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.bja.2021.12.019 · Cited by 28
Improving the implementation of perioperative safety guidelines using a multifaceted intervention approach: protocol of the IMPROVE study, a stepped wedge cluster randomized trial
Emond, Y., Calsbeek, H., Teerenstra, S., Bloo, G., Westert, G. P., Damen, J., Wolff, A. P., & Wollersheim, H. C. H. (2015) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-014-0198-5 · Cited by 24
Field Efficacy of Larvivorous Fish and Pyriproxyfen Combined with Community Engagement on Dengue Vectors in Cambodia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Hustedt, J. C., Doum, D., Keo, V., Ly, S., Sam, B., Chan, V., Alexander, N. D. E., Bradley, J., Liverani, M., Prasetyo, D. B., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene · doi:10.4269/ajtmh.20-1088 · Cited by 26
Impact of a web-based treatment decision aid for early-stage prostate cancer on shared decision-making and health outcomes: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Cuypers, M., Lamers, R. E. D., Kil, P. J. M., van de Poll-Franse, L. V., & de Vries, M. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0750-x · Cited by 22
A stepped strategy that aims at the nationwide implementation of the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery programme in major gynaecological surgery: study protocol of a cluster randomised controlled trial
de Groot, J. J. A., Maessen, J. M. C., Slangen, B. F. M., Winkens, B., Dirksen, C. D., & van der Weijden, T. (2015) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-015-0298-x · Cited by 23
Culturally adaptive storytelling method to improve hypertension control in Vietnam - “We talk about our hypertension”: study protocol for a feasibility cluster-randomized controlled trial
Allison, J. J., Nguyen, H. L., Ha, D. A., Chiriboga, G., Ly, H. N., Tran, H. T. D., Phan, N. T., Nguyen, V. C., Kim, M., & Goldberg, R. J. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-1147-6 · Cited by 22
Deepening our Understanding of Quality in Australia (DUQuA): a study protocol for a nationwide, multilevel analysis of relationships between hospital quality management systems and patient factors
Taylor, N. J., Clay‐Williams, R., Hogden, E., Pye, V., Li, Z., Groene, O., Suñol, R., & Braithwaite, J. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010349 · Cited by 21
Effect of Audit and Feedback on Physician Adherence to Clinical Practice Guidelines for Pneumonia and Sepsis
Trent, S. A., Havranek, E. P., Ginde, A. A., & Haukoos, J. S. (2018) · American Journal of Medical Quality · doi:10.1177/1062860618796947 · Cited by 20
Clustering of continuous and binary outcomes at the general practice level in individually randomised studies in primary care - a review of 10 years of primary care trials
Stuart, B. L., Becque, T., Moore, M. V., & Little, P. S. (2020) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-020-00971-7 · Cited by 23
Required sample size to detect mediation in 3-level implementation studies
Williams, N. J., Preacher, K. J., Allison, P. D., Mandell, D. S., & Marcus, S. C. (2022) · Implementation Science · doi:10.1186/s13012-022-01235-2 · Cited by 23

Authors: Campbell, M. K., Fayers, P. M., & Grimshaw, J. M.
Affiliations: University of Aberdeen (GB)
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (CA)
Corresponding author: Campbell, Marion K
ORCID: Campbell, Marion K
Fayers, Peter M
Grimshaw, Jeremy M
Venue: Clinical Trials
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2005-04
Volume: 2
Issue: 2
Pages: 99-107
ISSN: 1740-7745 (ISSN-L)
1740-7753
DOI: 10.1191/1740774505cn071oa
OpenAlex: W2164947695
Cited by: 275
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 9.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Trials (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Canada Research Chairs
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Keywords: intra-cluster correlation, implementation research, primary care, secondary care, sample size determination, cluster size, measurement types
MeSH terms: Data Interpretation, Statistical, Health Services Research, Humans, Surveys and Questionnaires, Research Design, Models, Statistical, Cluster Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Sample Size, Evidence-Based Medicine, Biomedical Research, Empirical Research

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Determinants of the intracluster correlation coefficient in cluster randomized trials: the case of implementation research

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks