Cited by 275Health Policy Implementation ScienceStatistical Methods in Clinical TrialsMeta-analysis and systematic reviews

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Determinants of the intracluster correlation coefficient in cluster randomized trials: the case of implementation research

Campbell, Marion K, Fayers, Peter M, Grimshaw, Jeremy M·2005·Clinical Trials

DOI 10.1191/1740774505cn071oa

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Abstract

The objective of this research was to identify determinants of the magnitude of intracluster correlation coefficients (ICCs) in cluster randomized trials from the field of implementation research. A survey of experts was conducted to generate a priori hypotheses of factors that might affect ICC size. Hypotheses were tested on empirical estimates of ICCs calculated from 21 implementation research datasets, mainly from the UK. Effects of setting (primary or secondary care), type of variable (process or outcome), type of measurement (objective or subjective), prevalence of outcome and size of cluster were tested. In total, 220 ICCs were available (range 0 to 0.415). Significant differences in ICC magnitude were found. The ICCs were significantly higher for process than for outcome variables, and for secondary care outcomes compared with primary care outcomes. The effects of prevalence and size were less clear cut. There was no evidence to suggest that type of measurement affected ICC size. In conclusion, accurate estimates of ICCs are essential for sample size calculations for cluster randomized trials of professional behaviour change interventions. This study demonstrates that ICCs are sensitive to a number of trial factors, particularly setting and outcome type. These factors must be considered when planning such cluster randomized trials.

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Authors: Campbell, M. K., Fayers, P. M., & Grimshaw, J. M.
Affiliations: University of Aberdeen (GB)
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (CA)
Corresponding author: Campbell, Marion K
ORCID: Campbell, Marion K
Fayers, Peter M
Grimshaw, Jeremy M
Venue: Clinical Trials
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2005-04
Volume: 2
Issue: 2
Pages: 99-107
ISSN: 1740-7745 (ISSN-L)
1740-7753
DOI: 10.1191/1740774505cn071oa
OpenAlex: W2164947695
Cited by: 275
References: 30
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 17
FWCI: 9.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Clinical Trials (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Canada Research Chairs
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Keywords: intra-cluster correlation, implementation research, primary care, secondary care, sample size determination, cluster size, measurement types
MeSH terms: Data Interpretation, Statistical, Health Services Research, Humans, Surveys and Questionnaires, Research Design, Models, Statistical, Cluster Analysis, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Sample Size, Evidence-Based Medicine, Biomedical Research, Empirical Research

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Determinants of the intracluster correlation coefficient in cluster randomized trials: the case of implementation research

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