The Factor Structure of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30): A Reliability Study on 6317 Community Residents
Abstract
An individual's responses to Goldberg's 30-item General Health Questionnaire are usually represented as a single score which provides a measure of the number of psychiatric symptoms reported. No account is taken of the nature of the symptoms. Factor analyses of the GHQ-30 were undertaken in ten randomly selected samples of 600 adults each, and also on 12 age-sex groupings covering the age range 18-98. The results indicate an impressive degree of consistency of the factor structure, and the identification of five distinct factors corresponding to anxiety, feelings of incompetence, depression, difficulty in coping, and social dysfunction.
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In comparison with normative data from a U.K. population, subjects with Addison's disease showed a higher total GHQ-30 score, denoting worse mental health status at baseline, particularly on the anxiety and self-esteem subscales.
“In comparison with normative data from a U.K. population (39), subjects with Addison's disease showed a higher total GHQ-30 score, denoting worse mental health status at baseline, particularly on the anxiety and self-esteem subscales (Table 5).”
From Long-Term DHEA Replacement in Primary Adrenal Insufficiency: A Randomized, Controlled Trial (2008) · cites this paper as [39]
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Donner-Banzhoff, N., Chan, Y., Szalai, J. P., & Hilditch, J. R. (1998) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Abeysena, C., Jayawardana, P. L., & Peiris, U. (2012) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2012.02.025 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
- Authors
- Huppert, F. A., Walters, D. E., Day, N., & Elliott, B. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- MRC Biostatistics Unit (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Huppert, Felicia A.
- ORCID
- Huppert, Felicia A.
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 1989-08
- Volume
- 155
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 178-185
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2081023809
- Cited by
- 147
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 5.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- General Health Questionnaire, GHQ-30, factor structure, psychiatric symptoms, anxiety, depression, social dysfunction, coping difficulties, age and sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Anxiety, Depression, England, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Tests, Psychometrics, Sex Factors
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